Reproduction

Question 1

What does sexual reproduction increase?

Answer 1

genetic diversity

Question 2

Does asexual reproduction require meiosis or mitosis?

Answer 2

mitosis

Question 3

What is parthenogenesis?

Answer 3

when females have the ability to make offspring from unfertilized egg

Question 4

Can some organisms do both sexual and asexual reproduction?

Answer 4

yes

Question 5

What are hermaphrodites?

Answer 5

organisms that have functioning ovaries and testes

Question 6

What are simultaneous hermaphrodites?

Answer 6

make both eggs and sperm at the same time

Question 7

What are sequential hermaphrodites?

Answer 7

change sexes

Question 8

What are protogynous?

Answer 8

organisms that start as female but become male

Question 9

What is are protandrous?

Answer 9

organisms that start as males but then become females

Question 10

What are three internal fertilization strategies?

Answer 10

1. oviparous
2. ovoviviparous
3. viviparous

Question 11

What does oviparous mean?

Answer 11

egg fertilized inside body, but develops outside of body (think chicken laying eggs)

Question 12

What does ovoviviparous mean?

Answer 12

fertilized eggs stay inside mother during development and gets food from eggs, BUT there is a live birth

Question 13

What does viviparous mean?

Answer 13

young develop in mom and are fed by blood

Question 14

Do both male and female reproductive systems make LH and FSH?

Answer 14

yes

Question 15

Where is sperm made?

Answer 15

seminiferous tubules of testes

Question 16

Where is sperm and matured?

Answer 16

epididymis

Question 17

What carries sperm into the body?

Answer 17

vas deferens

Question 18

What do the seminal vesicles and bulbourethral gland do?

Answer 18

make fluids that sperm mixes with to get nutrients and make semen

Question 19

Where does semen exit?

Answer 19

through the urethra in the penis

Question 20

What is spermatogenesis?

Answer 20

synthesis of sperm

Question 21

Do sperm need to be cool or hot when developing in the testes?

Answer 21

cool

Question 22

What cells support sperm?

Answer 22

sertoli cells

Question 23

What are spermatocytes?

Answer 23

cell undergoing meiosis

Question 24

What are spermatozoa?

Answer 24

mature sperm

Question 25

How many mature sperm are made in one cycle of meiosis?

Answer 25

4

Question 26

What are the 4 distinct sperm parts?

Answer 26

1. head 2. acrosome cap 3. mitochondria 4. flagella

Question 27

What is the acrosome cap?

Answer 27

it contains digestive enzymes that digest the outer coating of the ovum

Question 28

What cell does LH target in males?

Answer 28

the leydig cells

Question 29

Where are the leydig cells located?

Answer 29

in the testes

Question 30

What does LH do to leydig cells?

Answer 30

it tells the cells to secrete testosterone

Question 31

What does testosterone do to the anterior pituitary gland and stertoli cells?

Answer 31

it inhibits the GnRH stimulating the pituitary gland (so it stops further secretion of LH) and it stimulates the sertoli cells

Question 32

What is the role of testosterone?

Answer 32

maintains secondary sex characteristics

Question 33

What does FSH target in males?

Answer 33

sertoli cells

Question 34

Where are the sertoli located?

Answer 34

testes

Question 35

What does FSH do to sertoli cells?

Answer 35

triggers stertoli cells to secrete inhibin to inhibit anterior pituitary gland AND make sperms

Question 36

Do LH and FSH levels remain constant in males?

Answer 36

yes

Question 37

What does the ovary do?

Answer 37

gland that makes hormones and oocytes

Question 38

What is an oocyte?

Answer 38

cell in ovary that hasn't undergone meiosis

Question 39

What is an ovum?

Answer 39

mature egg cell

Question 40

What is the fallopian tube?

Answer 40

transports egg to uterus

Question 41

What is the uterus?

Answer 41

where implantation will occur if egg is fertilized

Question 42

What is the cervix

Answer 42

muscle that holds uterus closed (opens when baby is about to be born)

Question 43

What is the vagina?

Answer 43

where sperm is deposited and this opens when baby is about to be born

Question 44

About how many eggs does a human fetus have?

Answer 44

1 M

Question 45

Why are oocytes held at arrest?

Answer 45

this happens because the individual has not reached puberty yet, when she does, LH will take the oocyte out of arrest

Question 46

What what stage are the oocytes held at arrest?

Answer 46

prophase 1

Question 47

What are graafian follicles?

Answer 47

the eggs that get to go through ovulation

Question 48

What are secondary oocytes?

Answer 48

eggs that come out of the ruptured follicle

Question 49

What is the corpus leutem?

Answer 49

the remainder of follicle left when secondary oocyte is released into the fallopian tube

Question 50

When does meiosis 2 happen?

Answer 50

ONLY if egg is fertilized by sperm

Question 51

What is ovulation?

Answer 51

when mature egg is released from the ovary

Question 52

What is the difference between ovum and secondary oocyte?

Answer 52

an ovum is a mature cell that undergoes meiosis 2 while oocyte is immature and doesn’t go through meiosis 2

Question 53

What is the role of FSH in the female reproductive organs?

Answer 53

stimulates growth of eggs and follicles in ovary

Question 54

Are larger eggs more or less dependent on FSH?

Answer 54

less dependent

Question 55

What does LH do in the female reproductive system?

Answer 55

triggers the release of egg from ovary and leads to the luteal phase

Question 56

What does the corpus lutem secrete and why?

Answer 56

progesterone and estrogen to prepare endometrium

Question 57

Why does the corpus lutem eventually die off?

Answer 57

because increased levels of progestrone and estrogen inhibits LH and FSH which the corpus luteum needs to survive

Question 58

How does menstruation occur?

Answer 58

corpus luteum stops sustaining endometrium (with progesterone and estrogen), the lining starts to shed

Question 59

What is proliferation?

Answer 59

when the endometrium starts building back up again

Question 60

What is secretion?

Answer 60

corpus lutem secretes estrogen and progesterone to thicken lining for implementation