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BIOLOGY > Gas Exchange > Flashcards

Gas Exchange Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is Fick’s Law?

A

describes the variables that impact the rate of diffusion across a membrane

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2
Q

What is R in Ficks Law?

A

rate of diffusion

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3
Q

What is delta p in Ficks law?

A

pressure difference between two sides

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4
Q

What is A in Fick’s law?

A

area over which diffusion takes place

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5
Q

What is d in Fick’s law?

A

distance over which diffusion occurs

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6
Q

What is D in Ficks Law?

A

diffusion constant

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7
Q

How do single celled organisms do gas exchange?

A

through diffusion

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8
Q

What do many organisms do in order to increase diffusion and increase gas exchange?

A

increase surface area

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9
Q

What are gills?

A

a medium of gas exchange in fish

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10
Q

Are gills an efficient respiratory organ?

A

yes, they are the most efficient respiratory organ

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11
Q

What are three reasons why gills are the most efficient respiratory organ?

A
  1. they have increased surface area
  2. increased pressure difference
  3. shorter distance for CO2 and O2 to travel
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12
Q

How do gills promote pressure difference?

A

water flows one way and the blood in the gills flow the other way (countercurrent)

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13
Q

Why did amphibians evolve their breathing from the fish, even though gills are the most efficient?

A
  1. gills collapse when not in water
  2. the gills have too much surface area, and on land it causes water loss
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14
Q

Why were lungs better for amphibians?

A
  1. no reliance on water for respiration
  2. lungs are enclosed so there’s less evaporation on land
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15
Q

What type of breathing do amphibians use?

A

positive pressure breathing

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16
Q

What two parts of Fick’s law does the evolution from gills to lungs lose?

A

lose surface area and pressure difference that gills provided

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17
Q

What is positive pressure breathing?

A

gulping down air and forcing it down their throat

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18
Q

What does the respiratory system for birds look like?

A

many air sacs with one way air flow

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19
Q

What is the posterior air sac for in birds?

A

for new air

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20
Q

What is the anterior air sacs for in birds?

A

leaving air

21
Q

Is there mixing of O2 rich and poor air in birds?

A

nope!

22
Q

How efficient is the respiratory system in birds?

A

they have the most efficient system of terrestrial vertebrates

23
Q

Where does air travel in humans?

A
  1. air travels through the nose & mouth to the trachea to bronchi
  2. it then travels from the threadlike bronchi to the alveoli
  3. then it diffuses from the alveoli to the capillaries
24
Q

How do mammals breathe?

A

negative pressure breathing and exhalation

25
Q

What is negative pressure breathing?

A

pulling O2 into lungs

26
Q

How does inhalation start?

A

neurons stimulate diaphragm and intercostal muscles to contract

27
Q

What does contracting of the intercostal muscles do?

A

it increases surface area of the lungs as well as the thoracic cavity for air to diffuse into, it also lowers the pressure which helps the O2 diffuse into the lungs

28
Q

What happens during exhalation?

A

diaphragm and intercostals relax which causes the surface area to decrease and the pressure to increase and therefore air travels out

29
Q

What is the primary function of the alveoli?

A

where the lungs and the blood exchange O2 and CO2

30
Q

What is the ciliary mucus escalator?

A

a immune system mechanism which uses cilia to to move mucus and debris up and out of the lungs to be either swallowed or coughed up

31
Q

What are alveolar macrophages?

A

located in the air sacs, these eat particulates in air sacs

32
Q

What happenes when you mess with Ficks law in the lungs?

A

asthma, bronchitis, emphysema

33
Q

What happens to the acidity of blood if there’s a lot of CO2?

A

it increases

34
Q

What acid increases when there’s a lot of CO2?

A

carbonic acid

35
Q

What happens when the blood pH drops?

A
  1. pH is detected by neurons
  2. brain tells muscles to contract
  3. breathing rate is increased (to let on O2 and let out CO2)
36
Q

How do red blood cells carry O2?

A

with the help of hemoglobin and iron

37
Q

What is oxyhemoglobin?

A

hemoglobin that has an oxygen bound to its iron (is bright red)

38
Q

What is deoxyhemoglobin?

A

lacks oxygen bound to the iron (its deep red, looks blue through the skin)

39
Q

Can blood really be blue?

A

yes, some invertebrates use hemocyanin (which is copper) to transport O2 through their blood (looks blue)

40
Q

What is hemocyanin used for?

A

test vaccines

41
Q

What is the x-axis of the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve?

A

how much O2 is available (measured with partial pressure of O2)

42
Q

What is the y-axis of the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve?

A

how many oxyhemoglobins still have O2

43
Q

Why do arteries have 100% saturation?

A

because they just picked up O2

44
Q

Why do veins have lower saturation during exercise than at rest?

A

because when you exercise there’s a decrease in pH leading to an increased demand for O2

45
Q

What is the Bohr shift?

A

(happens when you exercise), curve shifts to the right, so y-axis decreases meaning that O2 is leaving the hemoglobin and going to the tissues, therefore, O2 saturation in hemoglobin decreases

46
Q

What is asthma and how does it affect Ficks Law?

A

inflamed airways, decreases pressure difference

47
Q

What is bronchitis and how dos it affect Ficks Law?

A

bronchi becomes inflamed, decreases surface area

48
Q

What is emphysema and how does it affect Ficks Law?

A

destruction of alveoli, decreased surface area

BIOLOGY (18 decks)

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