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APSC 1454 > Reproduction > Flashcards

Reproduction Flashcards

1
Q

Scrotum

A

-skin sac that surrounds, supports, and protects testes
-Thermoregulation=temperatures 3-5 Celsius less than body temperature required for spermatogenesis
-Has smooth muscle layer that can contract to draw testes closer to abdomen when cold and relax when warm

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2
Q

What are the functions of a scrotum

A

-protective sac
-radiator (sweating)
-Thermosensor (nerves in skin)

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3
Q

Testicles

A

-Tubular glands
-primary male reproductive organs
-Cryptorchid=retention of one or both testicles within the body cavity

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4
Q

What are the major products of the testicles?

A

-Spermatozoa
-Hormones (testosterone) and proteins
-Fluids

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5
Q

Sperm production and maturation

A

-Testes
-Epididymis

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6
Q

Testes

A

-Seminiferous tubules (FSH)=where sperm are
-Cells of Leydig (LH)=Testosterone

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7
Q

Epididymis

A

-Sperm storage and maturation
-3 distinct section
-maturity progresses from head to tail

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8
Q

Sperm

A

-head contains genetic material
-haploid has 1/2 total number of chromosomes of other body cells
-tail controls movement

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9
Q

Semen

A

combination of sperm and associated fluid

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10
Q

Semen Evaluation

A

-Sperm concentration
-Motility
-Morphology=primary abnormalities, the head (DNA)
=secondary abnormalities, tail

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11
Q

Spermatic cord and accessory glands

A

-Vas deferens
-accessory sex glands
-seminal plasma

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12
Q

Vas deferens

A

tube to transport mature sperm from epididymis and into the urethra

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13
Q

Accessory sex glands

A

-add specific secretions to the semen including nutrients and liquid (add volume)
-Ampulla
-Prostate
-Vesicular glands (seminal vesicles)
-Bulbourethral glans (Cowper’s glands)

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14
Q

Seminal Plasma

A

a non-cellular portion of semen

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15
Q

Penis

A

-is a copulatory organ
-The three main parts are the base, shaft, and glans penis
-The shaft is the main portion of the penis
-The glans penis is the specialized distal end, has sensory nerves, and stimulation initiates ejaculation

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16
Q

What are the two main types of Penises

A

-Vascular= fills with blood to become erect; human, stallion, dog, tom cat
-Fibroelastic= uses muscles to become erect’ bull, boar, ram, buck (male goat)

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17
Q

Factors influencing sperm production

A

-Heredity= low heritability, crossbreeding widely used
-Nutrition= Vitamin A, Protein level
-Management= heat and cold stress

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18
Q

Avian anatomy

A

-Testes= same as mammals, but internal
-Vas deferens= opens into papillae located in cloaca
-Papillae= mating organ, transfers sperm to hen’s oviduct, sperm stored in sperm-host glands in the oviduct, 30 days for turkeys, 10 days for chickens

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19
Q

Function of female reproductive tract

A

-Hormonal control of organs= estrus, myometrial contraction
-Transport sperm= myometrial contraction
-Produce oocyte= female gamete
-provide environment for embryo and fetus
-give birth to fetus
-recycle to become pregnant again
-provide nutrients to young

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20
Q

Oocyte

A

-egg; female’s DNA contribution
-haploid (secondary oocyte)
-DNA in nucleus
-Zona pellucida= membrane surrounding oocyte
-Meiosis= type of cell division that reduces the number of chromosomes by half; produces four gamete cells

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21
Q

Ovary

A

-produce oocytes; produces estrogen and progesterone

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22
Q

Oviduct

A

-connects ovary to uterus
-site of fertilization
-After fertilization, oocyte=embryo

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23
Q

Uterus

A

-generally “Y-shaped”
-Horns=branches at top, larger in species that have more offspring
-Body= stem
-Growing site of embryo and fetus

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24
Q

Cervix

A

protects opening of uterus’ semen deposition in pig and horse

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25
Q

Vagina

A

connects uterus to outside of body; site of semen deposition in most species

26
Q

Vulva

A

external opening

27
Q

Female Avian System

A

-only left side develops
-ovary
-oviduct= infundibulum, magnum, isthmus, sperm host glands
-uterus
-vagina
-cloaca

28
Q

Hormones

A

chemical messenger that travels in the blood to affect other cells

29
Q

Gonadotropin

A

-releasing hormone (GnRH)
-produced by the hypothalamus, targets the anterior pituitary

30
Q

What hormones does the anterior pituitary release?

A

-Luteinizing hormone (LH)
-Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
-these act on the gonads

31
Q

Males Hormones

A

-Testosterone produced in testes in response to LH
-Testosterone is responsible for secondary sex characteristics (larger, more muscle, thicker neck)
-FSH role in sperm development and maturation

32
Q

Females Hormones

A

-FSH promotes follicle growth
LH promotes release of oocyte from ovary
-After oocyte released, ovary produces progesterone
-Progesterone functions to support and maintain pregnancy, also produced by placenta
-Estrogen produced by ovary, mating behavior

33
Q

Estrous Cycle

A

-hormonally controlled cycle of events from one heat period to the next
1. FSH primes follicle development
2. LH surge includes ovulation and development of corpus luteum(CL), maturation of follicle and spermatozoa
3. estrogen (E2) causes signs of estrus (heat)
4. Progesterone (P4) maintains CL
5. Prostaglandin regresses the CL

34
Q

Corpus Luteum

A

-“yellow body,” mass of cells at site of ovulated follicle
-produces estrogen and progesterone

35
Q

Length of estrous cycle

A

-Heifer, cow=21 days
-Ewe= 17 days
-Mare= 21 days
-Gilt, sow=21 days
-Queen= 18 days
-Bitch= 6 months

36
Q

Types of estrous

A

-polyestrous
-seasonally polyestrous= short and long day breeders
-Anestrous

37
Q

Polyestrous

A

-continue to cycle until they become pregnant
-humans, cows, sows, bitches

38
Q

Seasonally polyestrous

A

-cycle only during certain times of the years
-Short day breeders= cyclic when days get shorter (ewe, doe(goat))
-Long day breeders= cyclic when day length is increasing (mare, hen, jenny, queen)

39
Q

Anestrous

A

time period when female is not cycling, such as out of season or after giving birth

40
Q

Mating

A

-females receptive to mating during estrus
-“estrous” the cycle vs “estrus”
-breed near ovulation=gametes have short lifespan
-conception=egg fertilized by sperm
-pregnancy check= rectal palpation, ultrasound, blood test
-females that are not pregnant= “open”

41
Q

Artificial insemination

A

-semen deposited in female reproductive tract by artificial techniques rather than by the male
-pros= fewer animals, safer, better genetics, disease barrier, can use old/dead sires
-cons= startup costs, collecting males, techniques, estrus detection, lower conception rates

42
Q

AI use across the industries

A

-beef cattle= 8-10%
-dairy cattle= 80-90%
-Horses= 40-50%
-Swine= 80-85%
-sheep= less than 5%
-Turkeys= 95%

43
Q

Estrus synchronization

A

-“Natural”= weaning in pigs, transport phenomenon
-“Artificial”= manipulates estrous cycle in some way, cycling animals (regress corpus luteum and/or extend corpus luteum), non-cycling (jump start ovulation, follow with other hormones)

44
Q

Embryo transfer

A

-implant embryo into surrogate or recipient female
-produce many offspring from elite females
-must have synchronized donors and recipients
-donor animals super ovulated and bred
-embryos flushed and implanted into recipient females

45
Q

In vitro fertilization

A

-similar to embryo transfer
-oocytes collected from ovary
-fertilized in a petri dish and developed into embryos
-week old embryos transferred into recipients

46
Q

Conception

A

-fertilization of egg marks beginning of gestation
-embryo implants in uterus
-placentation= attachment of chorion (membrane around fetus) to uterus (serval types)
-placentomes= caruncles (dam) and cotyledons (fetus)

47
Q

Gestation 1st trimester

A

-placentation
-formation of brain, heart, reproductive organs
-first heartbeat

48
Q

Gestation 2nd trimester

A

-development of organ systems
-muscle development

49
Q

Gestation 3rd trimester

A

-lung development
-75% weight gain

50
Q

Signs of parturition: 1-2 weeks prior

A

-mammary gland development
-“waxing” of teats
-Vulva swelling

51
Q

Signs of parturition: 12-24 hours prios

A

-frequent defecation and urination
-Nesting
-Isolate from herd
-Turn head toward flank
-Mucus
-Off feed

52
Q

Signs of parturition: “Immediately” prior

A

-milk dripping
-Amniotic sac may break and be partially expulsed
-cow getting up and down frequently
-restlessness, pawing
-appearance of feet

53
Q

What is parturition and how many stages does it have?

A

-act of giving birth
-3 stages

54
Q

Parturition Stage 1

A

-Uterus contracts, fetus into birth canal
-1-6 hours

55
Q

Parturition Stage 2

A

-begins with fetus entering birth canal, ends with birth of fetus
-Multiples 15-30 minutes in between each
-Takes about 20 minutes to 2 hours

56
Q

Parturition Stage 3

A

expulsion of placenta

57
Q

Dystocia

A

-difficult birth
-typically caused by abnormal presentation
-normal position front feet fist, head in between legs
-breech= butt first
-another breech is butt first and upside down
-abnormal head backwards, front feet first or back feet first

58
Q

Lacatation

A

-Colostrum= first milk, high in antibodies, consumed within 1st 24 hours of life
-Hormones associated with lactation are oxytocin and proactin

59
Q

oxytocin

A

-released due to manual stimulation (suckling)
-causes milk release

60
Q

Proactin

A

-produced when milk is removed
-stimulates milk production

61
Q

Early Life Management

A

-Identification
-Iodine applied to umbilical cord
-some vaccinations/injection
-Castration= all species but poultry, males in livestock species, neutering/spaying, several options, benefits are males are less aggressive, no reproduction, better meat quality, disadvantages are some pain and bleeding, public perception

62
Q

Modification to animals

A

-Dehorning= removing horn tissue, uses local anesthetic, benefits are safety, bruises on carcasses, easier to feed and transport, disadvantages are pain and infection
-Tail docking= sheep, pig, dogs, dairy
-beak trimming= avoid pecking injury
-trimming needle teeth= pigs
-ear cropping= dogs
-declawing = cats

APSC 1454 (16 decks)

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