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APSC 1454 > Animal Health > Flashcards

Animal Health Flashcards

1
Q

Health

A

normal physiological state

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2
Q

Disease

A

-absence of health, normal functions disturbed
-can lead to morbidity
-can lead to mortality

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3
Q

endemic disease

A

always present within a certain population

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4
Q

epidemic

A

increase in number of cases, outbreak

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5
Q

pandemic

A

uncontrolled epidemic

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6
Q

infection

A

organism enters your body and causes disease

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7
Q

non-infectious disease

A

not transmitted between animals (genetics, environmental)

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8
Q

contagious disease

A

easily transmitted between animals

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9
Q

non-contagious disease

A

poorly transmitted

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10
Q

clinical disease

A

signs of disease readily apparent

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11
Q

subclinical disease

A

no overt signs of disease

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12
Q

acute disease

A

sudden onset of clinical signs, short duration

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13
Q

chronic disease

A

signs develop slowly, last for a long time

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14
Q

zoonotic disease

A

passed from animals to humans (and vis versa)

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15
Q

Signs of disease

A

sick animals often exhibit:
-appetite loss
-listlessness, depression
-droopy ears
-head held low, arched back
-isolate
-coughing, wheezing, labored breathing
-stiff, labored movement
-loose stools (enteric disease

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16
Q

Pathogenic disease

A

-caused by an infectious organism
-pathogenicity=ability of an organism to cause disease
-virulence=severity of disease and the ability to overcome the host’s (animal’s) immune system

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17
Q

Bacteria

A

-small, single celled prokaryote=no nucleus, membrane-bound organelles
-can be found everywhere
-classified by shape, structure, cell wall
-not all cause disease=some beneficial to us, microbiota, probiotics in yogurt
-bacterial infections can be treated with antibiotics

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18
Q

Viruses

A

-NOT cells
-contain genetic material (DNA or RNA), protein coat (capsid)= some enzymes, outer envelope
-Can only replicate within the host= lytic cycle, lysogenic cycle
-cannot be controlled by antibiotics= antibiotics can help prevent secondary infection, treat symptoms, some antiviral drugs

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19
Q

Fungi

A

-small eukaryotes= singular or multicellular
-spread through dispersion of spores
-can be beneficial= yeast, mushrooms, lichen
-fungal disease can be confined to a body surface, or be systemic
-can infect plants, animals, humans, even other parasites
-treatment: antifungal drugs

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20
Q

Parasites

A

-one organism benefits by harming the host
-affect all living species
-Ecto- (outside host, fleas) or endo- (inside host, tapeworm) parasites
-signs of parasites= itching of rectal area, abdominal pain, weight loss, anemia, depression

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21
Q

Physical Injuries

A

-disrupt normal physiological processes
-due to handling
-due to inadequate, unkept facilities
-animal fighting
-predator
-accidents

22
Q

Metabolic Disease

A

-nutrition related
-Over- or under- feeding
=nutrient deficiencies
=nutrient toxicities
-Toxins in plants/feed

23
Q

Immune System

A

-Immunity= protection from infectious agent
-innate immunity
-acquired immunity

24
Q

Innate immunity

A

=defense you are born with
=some immune cells, barriers to entry (skin, mucus)
=non-specific

25
Q

Acquired immunity

A

-defense that develops with exposure/time
-specific
-diversity, memory, tolerance

26
Q

Active immunity

A

-developed after exposure to infection/vaccine
-Natural= response to previous infection
-Artificial= response to a vaccination

27
Q

Passive immunity

A

-develops when antibodies are received from somewhere/someone else
-natural= received from mother (colostrum, placenta, eggshell)
-Artificial= received from medicine (gamma globulin injection)

28
Q

Immune lines of defense

A
  1. innate barriers- skin, mucus membranes, epithelia (intestine, lungs)
  2. innate immune cells- nonspecific white blood cells
  3. Acquired immunity- specific white blood cells (B and T cells)
29
Q
  1. Barriers to entry
A

-Goal= keep organisms out
-Any “surface” = skin, gut, lungs, eyes/nose/month
-several mechanisms of protection
-mechanical= movement of air, fluid
-chemical- enzymes, pH, mucus, antimicrobiological
-Microbiological= normal microbiota

30
Q
  1. Nonspecific (innate) immune cells
A

-Goal: kills things that get in
-Recognize genetic, conserves patterns associated with pathogens
-Phagocytosis= type of innate cell that consumes and destroys pathogen, antigen presenting cells
-inflammation= bring things to site of barrier breach
-fever

31
Q
  1. Specific (adaptive) immune cells
A

-target response to specific pathogen
-recognize antigen= specific substance found on foreign microbe
-cell mediated= cytotoxic T cells destroy infected body cells
-Humoral= B cells produce antibodies that bind pathogen and impair or kill them
-regardless, memory cells remain in case of future infection

32
Q

Treatment/prevention of disease

A

-over the counter medication
-prescription
-extra label use
-off label

33
Q

Over the counter medication

A

can be purchased in stores

34
Q

Prescription

A

only acquired and used by order of licensed veterinarian

35
Q

Extra label use

A

veterinarian prescribes medication for something other than what label indicated. Legal.

36
Q

Off label

A

drug used in manner other than indicated by manufacturer or veterinarian. illegal.

37
Q

Routes of administration

A

-subcutaneous (SQ)
-Intramuscular (IM)
-Intravenous (IV)
-Nasal
-Oral
-Topical

38
Q

Location of administration

A

-with livestock, avoid high-value cuts of meat= neck and skin around elbows are ideal for injection spots
-injections can cause abscesses, scar tissue, that damage muscle
-must be discarded from carcass at slaughter

39
Q

Vaccines

A

-trigger antibody production against a specific pathogen
-serval forms

40
Q

Vaccines- trigger antibody production against a specific pathogen

A

-no infection with actual pathogen
-body still produces memory response

41
Q

Live

A

weak or modified from that does not produce disease

42
Q

killed/inactivated

A

proteins or small pieces of pathogen

43
Q

Toxoid

A

toxin produced by pathogen

44
Q

biosynthetic

A

artificial substance similar to pathogen of interest

45
Q

mRNA

A

gives the mRNA instructions to make viral antigen that body will then produce an immune response to

46
Q

How Antibiotics Work

A

-Kill or inhibit growth of bacteria= damage cell walls, block metabolism
-treat existing infection or prevent outbreak= injection, delivered in feed or water
-some specific, others target broad categories= will kill good bacteria as well

47
Q

How does antimicrobial resistance work?

A

-Bacteria can develop resistance through random mutations= spread through division, transfer between other bacteria
-when antimicrobials used, kills all bacteria, except for those with resistance
-resistant bacteria now have preferred conditions= take over
-continue to spread and transfer their resistance

48
Q

Biosecurity

A

-Mitigates risk of disease outbreak
-Includes: assess disease potential
=increase animal resistance
=isolate new animals
=traffic control
=cleaning (sanitation, disinfection, and sterilization)

49
Q

mRNA

A

gives the mRNA instructions to make viral antigen that body will then produce an immune response to

50
Q

withdrawal

A

time required after treatment before animal can enter food chain

APSC 1454 (16 decks)

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