Nutrition Flashcards
Importance of nutrition
-Affects all life process
-single largest cost in animal production
-least cost rations that supply all necessary nutrients
-avoid competition with humans
Nutrient
substance that provides nourishment for growth and life
Nutrition
-study of how body converts food/feed into products used by body
-Basic=study of metabolism, mechanism of action
-Applied=study of feeding animals, implement dietary strategies
Feed
food eaten by animals
Feedstuff
material used in animal feed
Palatability
-desirableness of a feed
-affected by taste, smell, texture
Diet
type of feed an animal eats
Ration
daily feed allotment
Digestion
-breakdown of food into smaller components are more easily absorbed
Mechanical
physical breakdown of food
Chemical
changing chemical structure of food
Absorption
movement of nutrients into a cell
Digestive system types
-Monogastric
-Avians
-Ruminants
-Hindgut fermenters
Monogastrics
-single stomach that secretes acid
-Humans, pigs, dogs, and cats
Avians
organ with stones to grind feed into smaller sizes
Ruminants
-multi-chambered stomach that ferment feedstuffs
-cattle, sheep, goats
Hindgut fermenters
-single stomach, large cecum where fermentation occurs
-horse
Monogastric System Part 1
- Mouth- chewing= mastication, saliva=enzymes and buffer
- Esophagus- Peristalsis
- Stomach-contract to mix, low pH (2-2 1/2), enzymes, very little absorption
- Small intestine (don’t jump in)
-duodenum=enzymes, bicarbonate
-Jejunum=absorption
-ileum=absorption, immunity
Monogastric System Part 2
- Cecum- blind pouch
-microbial fermentation breaks things down to create VFAS
-Small
-Volatile fatty acids (VFAS) - Colon
-absorb water - Rectum
-fecal matter solid here
6 and 7 are the large intestine
Avian System Part 1
-Monogastric
1. Mouth- ingest and swallow
2. Esophagus- food goes down
3. Crop- Storage, moisten
4. Proventriculus- low pH, enzymes, chemical digestion
5. Gizzard (ventriculus)- muscular, filled with gravel or grit, mechanical digestion
Avian System Part 2
- Small intestine - absorption, duodenum, jejunum, ileum
- Paired Ceca- fermentation
- Colon- absorbs water
- Cloaca- urine and feces meet
Ruminant System Part 1
-cattle, sheep, goats
1. Mouth- chew, saliva
2. Esophagus- swallow food, reverse peristalsis= cud
3. Rumen is 70% of the digestive tract- microbes= ferment food
-take food-> nutrients
-cellulose-> glucose-> VFAS (ATP)
-protein-> amino acids
-fats-> fatty acids
-neutral pH
-release heat and gas when breaking down and forms methane (CH4)
Ruminant System Part 2
- Reticulum (honeycomb look)- filter particles, capture foreign objects
- Omasum- many folds-> increase surface area
-absorb water and some nutrients - Abomasum- low pH, acid
- Small intestine- absorption of nutrients
- Cecum- small
- Colon- absorbs water
- Rectum
Hindgut Fermenter System
-Horses, Rabbits
-Foregut- mouth-> small intestine
-Hindgut- Cecum->rectum
1. Mouth
2.Esophagus- swallow food
3. Stomach- low pH, acid, small structure, small frequent meals
4. Small Intestine- absorption
5. Cecum- microbial fermentation, large structure, absorb energy, vitamins, and minerals
6. Colon
7. Rectum
Categories of Nutrients
Testable
-Water
-Carbohydrates
-Protein
-Fat
-Vitamins
-Minerals
Water
-Function= temperature regulation, lubricates joints, chemical reactions, and waste excretion.
-Obtained through= drinking, feed, and chemical reactions produce water.
-Water should be given free choice (ad libitum)
-Water lost= urine, feces, lungs, sweat, milk
-How much water needed depends on species, physiological state, diet consumed, and environment.
-5-6% of Body Weight
Dry matter vs As fed
-Dry matter (DM)= everything left after water removed
-As-fed= natural state of feed including water content
-Diets analyzed on a dry matter basis, but we feed diets on an as-fed basis
-Conversion is important
Carbohydrates (CHO)
-Function= energy-glucose, heat, converted to fat
-Obtained through= grains, forages, protein
-Ruminants can use most kinds of CHO, microorganisms in rumen generate volatile fatty acids
-Horses ferment CHO in hindgut
Categories of Carbohydrate
-Simple sugar= Monosaccharides, Disaccharides
-Complex Sugar (polysaccharides)= starch, cellulose, lignin
Protein
-NH2 (amine) group and CHO
-Peptide bonds
-Function= lean tissue, enzymes, hormones, metabolites, excess for energy.
-Obtained through= oil seed meals, fish meal
Categories of Protein
-Amino acids= essential (not made by the body, added in feed), nonessential (made by the host)
-Non-protein nitrogen (only useful in ruminants) = Microbes
Fats
-Functions= energy storage, 2.25x energy as carbohydrates by weight, insulation, and temperature regulation.
-Obtained through= oils and fats
-Most feeds contain <5% lipid, don’t exceed 8-10%.
Categories of fats
-essential fatty acids
-fatty acids= saturated and unsaturated
-triglyceride
Vitamins
-Functions= regulate body functions, growth, and metabolism
-obtained through= feed/supplements, VTM premix
Categories of Vitamins
-Fat soluble
-Water soluble
Minerals
-Function= skeletal system
enzymes
fluid balance
acid/base balance
oxygen and nerve function
protein synthesis
immune system
-Obtained through= feed/supplements
Roughages
-Pasture
-Hay
-Silage/haylage
Categories of minerals
-Macromineral (large amounts, g/day)
-Micromineral (smaller quantities)
Concentrates
-Grains
-Molasses
-Fat and oils
-Energy by-products
Grains
-corn
-soybeans
-wheat
-sorghum
-barley
-oats
Fats and oil
-processed animal fats or fish oil
-Oils= cottonseed oil, soybean oil, corn oil, peanut oil
Energy by-products
-wet or dry distillers grains (DDGS)
=ethanol by-products
-Corn gluten
=corn starch, corn syrup by-product
-Beet pulp
=sugar by-product
-Food waste
Protein
-Animal by-products
-Plant by-products
-Non-protein nitrogen
Animal by-products
-meat and bone meal
-blood meal
-fish meal
-feather meal
-dried skim milk
Plant by-products
-wet or dry distillers grains, ethanol by-product
-Corn gluten, corn starch, corn syrup by-product
-Cottonseed meal, cottonseed oil by-product
-Soybean meal, soybean oil by-product
Nonprotein nitrogen
Urea
Vitamin and mineral supplements
-salt blocks
Non-nutritive additives
-color and flavor
-Health and digestion
-Hormones
Drugs
-Antibiotics= therapeutic and subtherapeutic
Feeding
Ration composition depends on
-feedstuffs
-Animal
-purpose of animal
