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APSC 1454 > Nutrition > Flashcards

Nutrition Flashcards

1
Q

Importance of nutrition

A

-Affects all life process
-single largest cost in animal production
-least cost rations that supply all necessary nutrients
-avoid competition with humans

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2
Q

Nutrient

A

substance that provides nourishment for growth and life

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3
Q

Nutrition

A

-study of how body converts food/feed into products used by body
-Basic=study of metabolism, mechanism of action
-Applied=study of feeding animals, implement dietary strategies

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4
Q

Feed

A

food eaten by animals

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5
Q

Feedstuff

A

material used in animal feed

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6
Q

Palatability

A

-desirableness of a feed
-affected by taste, smell, texture

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7
Q

Diet

A

type of feed an animal eats

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8
Q

Ration

A

daily feed allotment

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9
Q

Digestion

A

-breakdown of food into smaller components are more easily absorbed

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10
Q

Mechanical

A

physical breakdown of food

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11
Q

Chemical

A

changing chemical structure of food

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12
Q

Absorption

A

movement of nutrients into a cell

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13
Q

Digestive system types

A

-Monogastric
-Avians
-Ruminants
-Hindgut fermenters

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14
Q

Monogastrics

A

-single stomach that secretes acid
-Humans, pigs, dogs, and cats

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15
Q

Avians

A

organ with stones to grind feed into smaller sizes

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16
Q

Ruminants

A

-multi-chambered stomach that ferment feedstuffs
-cattle, sheep, goats

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17
Q

Hindgut fermenters

A

-single stomach, large cecum where fermentation occurs
-horse

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18
Q

Monogastric System Part 1

A
  1. Mouth- chewing= mastication, saliva=enzymes and buffer
  2. Esophagus- Peristalsis
  3. Stomach-contract to mix, low pH (2-2 1/2), enzymes, very little absorption
  4. Small intestine (don’t jump in)
    -duodenum=enzymes, bicarbonate
    -Jejunum=absorption
    -ileum=absorption, immunity
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19
Q

Monogastric System Part 2

A
  1. Cecum- blind pouch
    -microbial fermentation breaks things down to create VFAS
    -Small
    -Volatile fatty acids (VFAS)
  2. Colon
    -absorb water
  3. Rectum
    -fecal matter solid here
    6 and 7 are the large intestine
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20
Q

Avian System Part 1

A

-Monogastric
1. Mouth- ingest and swallow
2. Esophagus- food goes down
3. Crop- Storage, moisten
4. Proventriculus- low pH, enzymes, chemical digestion
5. Gizzard (ventriculus)- muscular, filled with gravel or grit, mechanical digestion

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21
Q

Avian System Part 2

A
  1. Small intestine - absorption, duodenum, jejunum, ileum
  2. Paired Ceca- fermentation
  3. Colon- absorbs water
  4. Cloaca- urine and feces meet
22
Q

Ruminant System Part 1

A

-cattle, sheep, goats
1. Mouth- chew, saliva
2. Esophagus- swallow food, reverse peristalsis= cud
3. Rumen is 70% of the digestive tract- microbes= ferment food
-take food-> nutrients
-cellulose-> glucose-> VFAS (ATP)
-protein-> amino acids
-fats-> fatty acids
-neutral pH
-release heat and gas when breaking down and forms methane (CH4)

23
Q

Ruminant System Part 2

A
  1. Reticulum (honeycomb look)- filter particles, capture foreign objects
  2. Omasum- many folds-> increase surface area
    -absorb water and some nutrients
  3. Abomasum- low pH, acid
  4. Small intestine- absorption of nutrients
  5. Cecum- small
  6. Colon- absorbs water
  7. Rectum
24
Q

Hindgut Fermenter System

A

-Horses, Rabbits
-Foregut- mouth-> small intestine
-Hindgut- Cecum->rectum
1. Mouth
2.Esophagus- swallow food
3. Stomach- low pH, acid, small structure, small frequent meals
4. Small Intestine- absorption
5. Cecum- microbial fermentation, large structure, absorb energy, vitamins, and minerals
6. Colon
7. Rectum

25
Q

Categories of Nutrients

A

Testable
-Water
-Carbohydrates
-Protein
-Fat
-Vitamins
-Minerals

26
Q

Water

A

-Function= temperature regulation, lubricates joints, chemical reactions, and waste excretion.
-Obtained through= drinking, feed, and chemical reactions produce water.
-Water should be given free choice (ad libitum)
-Water lost= urine, feces, lungs, sweat, milk
-How much water needed depends on species, physiological state, diet consumed, and environment.
-5-6% of Body Weight

27
Q

Dry matter vs As fed

A

-Dry matter (DM)= everything left after water removed
-As-fed= natural state of feed including water content
-Diets analyzed on a dry matter basis, but we feed diets on an as-fed basis
-Conversion is important

28
Q

Carbohydrates (CHO)

A

-Function= energy-glucose, heat, converted to fat
-Obtained through= grains, forages, protein
-Ruminants can use most kinds of CHO, microorganisms in rumen generate volatile fatty acids
-Horses ferment CHO in hindgut

29
Q

Categories of Carbohydrate

A

-Simple sugar= Monosaccharides, Disaccharides
-Complex Sugar (polysaccharides)= starch, cellulose, lignin

30
Q

Protein

A

-NH2 (amine) group and CHO
-Peptide bonds
-Function= lean tissue, enzymes, hormones, metabolites, excess for energy.
-Obtained through= oil seed meals, fish meal

31
Q

Categories of Protein

A

-Amino acids= essential (not made by the body, added in feed), nonessential (made by the host)
-Non-protein nitrogen (only useful in ruminants) = Microbes

32
Q

Fats

A

-Functions= energy storage, 2.25x energy as carbohydrates by weight, insulation, and temperature regulation.
-Obtained through= oils and fats
-Most feeds contain <5% lipid, don’t exceed 8-10%.

33
Q

Categories of fats

A

-essential fatty acids
-fatty acids= saturated and unsaturated
-triglyceride

34
Q

Vitamins

A

-Functions= regulate body functions, growth, and metabolism
-obtained through= feed/supplements, VTM premix

35
Q

Categories of Vitamins

A

-Fat soluble
-Water soluble

36
Q

Minerals

A

-Function= skeletal system
enzymes
fluid balance
acid/base balance
oxygen and nerve function
protein synthesis
immune system
-Obtained through= feed/supplements

37
Q

Roughages

A

-Pasture
-Hay
-Silage/haylage

38
Q

Categories of minerals

A

-Macromineral (large amounts, g/day)
-Micromineral (smaller quantities)

39
Q

Concentrates

A

-Grains
-Molasses
-Fat and oils
-Energy by-products

40
Q

Grains

A

-corn
-soybeans
-wheat
-sorghum
-barley
-oats

41
Q

Fats and oil

A

-processed animal fats or fish oil
-Oils= cottonseed oil, soybean oil, corn oil, peanut oil

42
Q

Energy by-products

A

-wet or dry distillers grains (DDGS)
=ethanol by-products
-Corn gluten
=corn starch, corn syrup by-product
-Beet pulp
=sugar by-product
-Food waste

43
Q

Protein

A

-Animal by-products
-Plant by-products
-Non-protein nitrogen

44
Q

Animal by-products

A

-meat and bone meal
-blood meal
-fish meal
-feather meal
-dried skim milk

45
Q

Plant by-products

A

-wet or dry distillers grains, ethanol by-product
-Corn gluten, corn starch, corn syrup by-product
-Cottonseed meal, cottonseed oil by-product
-Soybean meal, soybean oil by-product

46
Q

Nonprotein nitrogen

A

Urea

47
Q

Vitamin and mineral supplements

A

-salt blocks

48
Q

Non-nutritive additives

A

-color and flavor
-Health and digestion
-Hormones

49
Q

Drugs

A

-Antibiotics= therapeutic and subtherapeutic

50
Q

Feeding

A

Ration composition depends on
-feedstuffs
-Animal
-purpose of animal

APSC 1454 (16 decks)

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