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APSC 1454 > Nutrition > Flashcards

Nutrition Flashcards

1
Q

Importance of nutrition

A

-Affects all life process
-single largest cost in animal production
-least cost rations that supply all necessary nutrients
-avoid competition with humans

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2
Q

Nutrient

A

substance that provides nourishment for growth and life

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3
Q

Nutrition

A

-study of how body converts food/feed into products used by body
-Basic=study of metabolism, mechanism of action
-Applied=study of feeding animals, implement dietary strategies

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4
Q

Feed

A

food eaten by animals

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5
Q

Feedstuff

A

material used in animal feed

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6
Q

Palatability

A

-desirableness of a feed
-affected by taste, smell, texture

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7
Q

Diet

A

type of feed an animal eats

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8
Q

Ration

A

daily feed allotment

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9
Q

Digestion

A

-breakdown of food into smaller components are more easily absorbed

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10
Q

Mechanical

A

physical breakdown of food

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11
Q

Chemical

A

changing chemical structure of food

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12
Q

Absorption

A

movement of nutrients into a cell

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13
Q

Digestive system types

A

-Monogastric
-Avians
-Ruminants
-Hindgut fermenters

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14
Q

Monogastrics

A

-single stomach that secretes acid
-Humans, pigs, dogs, and cats

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15
Q

Avians

A

organ with stones to grind feed into smaller sizes

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16
Q

Ruminants

A

-multi-chambered stomach that ferment feedstuffs
-cattle, sheep, goats

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17
Q

Hindgut fermenters

A

-single stomach, large cecum where fermentation occurs
-horse

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18
Q

Monogastric System Part 1

A
  1. Mouth- chewing= mastication, saliva=enzymes and buffer
  2. Esophagus- Peristalsis
  3. Stomach-contract to mix, low pH (2-2 1/2), enzymes, very little absorption
  4. Small intestine (don’t jump in)
    -duodenum=enzymes, bicarbonate
    -Jejunum=absorption
    -ileum=absorption, immunity
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19
Q

Monogastric System Part 2

A
  1. Cecum- blind pouch
    -microbial fermentation breaks things down to create VFAS
    -Small
    -Volatile fatty acids (VFAS)
  2. Colon
    -absorb water
  3. Rectum
    -fecal matter solid here
    6 and 7 are the large intestine
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20
Q

Avian System Part 1

A

-Monogastric
1. Mouth- ingest and swallow
2. Esophagus- food goes down
3. Crop- Storage, moisten
4. Proventriculus- low pH, enzymes, chemical digestion
5. Gizzard (ventriculus)- muscular, filled with gravel or grit, mechanical digestion

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21
Q

Avian System Part 2

A
  1. Small intestine - absorption, duodenum, jejunum, ileum
  2. Paired Ceca- fermentation
  3. Colon- absorbs water
  4. Cloaca- urine and feces meet
22
Q

Ruminant System Part 1

A

-cattle, sheep, goats
1. Mouth- chew, saliva
2. Esophagus- swallow food, reverse peristalsis= cud
3. Rumen is 70% of the digestive tract- microbes= ferment food
-take food-> nutrients
-cellulose-> glucose-> VFAS (ATP)
-protein-> amino acids
-fats-> fatty acids
-neutral pH
-release heat and gas when breaking down and forms methane (CH4)

23
Q

Ruminant System Part 2

A
  1. Reticulum (honeycomb look)- filter particles, capture foreign objects
  2. Omasum- many folds-> increase surface area
    -absorb water and some nutrients
  3. Abomasum- low pH, acid
  4. Small intestine- absorption of nutrients
  5. Cecum- small
  6. Colon- absorbs water
  7. Rectum
24
Q

Hindgut Fermenter System

A

-Horses, Rabbits
-Foregut- mouth-> small intestine
-Hindgut- Cecum->rectum
1. Mouth
2.Esophagus- swallow food
3. Stomach- low pH, acid, small structure, small frequent meals
4. Small Intestine- absorption
5. Cecum- microbial fermentation, large structure, absorb energy, vitamins, and minerals
6. Colon
7. Rectum

25
Categories of Nutrients
*Testable* -Water -Carbohydrates -Protein -Fat -Vitamins -Minerals
26
Water
-Function= temperature regulation, lubricates joints, chemical reactions, and waste excretion. -Obtained through= drinking, feed, and chemical reactions produce water. -Water should be given free choice (ad libitum) -Water lost= urine, feces, lungs, sweat, milk -How much water needed depends on species, physiological state, diet consumed, and environment. -5-6% of Body Weight
27
Dry matter vs As fed
-Dry matter (DM)= everything left after water removed -As-fed= natural state of feed including water content -Diets analyzed on a dry matter basis, but we feed diets on an as-fed basis -Conversion is important
28
Carbohydrates (CHO)
-Function= energy-glucose, heat, converted to fat -Obtained through= grains, forages, protein -Ruminants can use most kinds of CHO, microorganisms in rumen generate volatile fatty acids -Horses ferment CHO in hindgut
29
Categories of Carbohydrate
-Simple sugar= Monosaccharides, Disaccharides -Complex Sugar (polysaccharides)= starch, cellulose, lignin
30
Protein
-NH2 (amine) group and CHO -Peptide bonds -Function= lean tissue, enzymes, hormones, metabolites, excess for energy. -Obtained through= oil seed meals, fish meal
31
Categories of Protein
-Amino acids= essential (not made by the body, added in feed), nonessential (made by the host) -Non-protein nitrogen (only useful in ruminants) = Microbes
32
Fats
-Functions= energy storage, 2.25x energy as carbohydrates by weight, insulation, and temperature regulation. -Obtained through= oils and fats -Most feeds contain <5% lipid, don't exceed 8-10%.
33
Categories of fats
-essential fatty acids -fatty acids= saturated and unsaturated -triglyceride
34
Vitamins
-Functions= regulate body functions, growth, and metabolism -obtained through= feed/supplements, VTM premix
35
Categories of Vitamins
-Fat soluble -Water soluble
36
Minerals
-Function= skeletal system enzymes fluid balance acid/base balance oxygen and nerve function protein synthesis immune system -Obtained through= feed/supplements
37
Roughages
-Pasture -Hay -Silage/haylage
38
Categories of minerals
-Macromineral (large amounts, g/day) -Micromineral (smaller quantities)
39
Concentrates
-Grains -Molasses -Fat and oils -Energy by-products
40
Grains
-corn -soybeans -wheat -sorghum -barley -oats
41
Fats and oil
-processed animal fats or fish oil -Oils= cottonseed oil, soybean oil, corn oil, peanut oil
42
Energy by-products
-wet or dry distillers grains (DDGS) =ethanol by-products -Corn gluten =corn starch, corn syrup by-product -Beet pulp =sugar by-product -Food waste
43
Protein
-Animal by-products -Plant by-products -Non-protein nitrogen
44
Animal by-products
-meat and bone meal -blood meal -fish meal -feather meal -dried skim milk
45
Plant by-products
-wet or dry distillers grains, ethanol by-product -Corn gluten, corn starch, corn syrup by-product -Cottonseed meal, cottonseed oil by-product -Soybean meal, soybean oil by-product
46
Nonprotein nitrogen
Urea
47
Vitamin and mineral supplements
-salt blocks
48
Non-nutritive additives
-color and flavor -Health and digestion -Hormones
49
Drugs
-Antibiotics= therapeutic and subtherapeutic
50
Feeding
Ration composition depends on -feedstuffs -Animal -purpose of animal

APSC 1454 (16 decks)

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