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APSC 1454 > Poultry Industry > Flashcards

Poultry Industry Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two important products of the poultry industry?

A

Meat and Eggs

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2
Q

What are the main species of the poultry industry?

A

chickens, turkeys, ducks and geese much smaller

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3
Q

When are broilers slaughtered?

A

31-60 days (42 avg)

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4
Q

Broilers: Meat Chicken

A

average live weight is 3.8-9lbs (5lbs avg), feed:gain-1.5-1.7, size varies to meet product purpose: fast food, whole birds, cut-up, or deboned

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5
Q

US broiler industry

A

increasing pounds per bird each year, 18% global chickens, 47% global turkey

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6
Q

Distribution of broilers

A

southeast, Virginia ranks 11th

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7
Q

US turkey industry

A

pounds produced has remained constant, but turkey numbers have decreased, since 1990 pounds produced have remained the same

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8
Q

Distribution of turkeys

A

east coast, corn belt, Virginia ranks 6th, production expected to increase

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9
Q

Laying hens - egg production

A

Lays first egg at 20-22 weeks (21 avg), can produce 270 eggs/year, eggs can go to be table eggs, liquid eggs, dry eggs, or processed products

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10
Q

US egg industry

A

391 million laying hens, 109 billion eggs, $11 billion in revenue, small increase in number of hens in last 20 years

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11
Q

Distribution of layer

A

most layers located in cornbelt, Iowa #1, near corn production, close to major population centers, Virginia ranked 26th

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12
Q

History of Poultry production (1960-70)

A

becoming a business, genetic selection for specialized breeds, automation, standardization of production and processing, increased consumption, quality and price

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13
Q

History of poultry production (1980)

A

further processing and value added products, rise of fast-food and food service sector influence, emphasis minimize costs, improving efficiency, increased consumption, low cost, healthy image

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14
Q

poultry production

A

transition to food companies, consumer preferences (home meal replacement), rapid growth of export market, emphasis on: yield improvement, food safety, animal welfare

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15
Q

chick
Pullet

A

young baby
young female

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16
Q

cockerel
hen

A

young male
adult female

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17
Q

rooster
capon

A

intact male
castrated male

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18
Q

poult
jenny

A

young baby
young female

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19
Q

jake
hen

A

young male
adult female

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20
Q

Tom

A

intact male

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21
Q

laying
hatching

A

act of making an egg
chick emerging from egg

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22
Q

flock
broiler

A

group of animals
chicken bred for meat

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23
Q

layer

A

chicken bred for egg production

24
Q

White Leghorn

A

white body and white eggs, Italy, egg production, small size, most common breed in US

25
Q

Cornish

A

white body and brown eggs, England, wide breast, muscular legs, fast growth, lay few, small eggs, father of most commercial broilers

26
Q

White Plymouth Rock

A

white body and brown eggs, America, High quality meat, mother of most commercial broilers

27
Q

Broad Breasted White

A

All white, best growth and muscle yield, can’t fly or reproduce on own, most widely used commercial turkey

28
Q

poultry

A

confined indoors - poultry houses, all industry facets, controlled lighting, temperature

29
Q

poultry system

A

Breeders to Hatchery to Grow Out to Processing Plant. Feed Mill to breeders and grow out.

30
Q

Breeders

A

genetics, producer fertilized eggs

31
Q

Broiler Breeders

A

Aviagen
Cobb-Vantress

32
Q

Layer Breeders

A

Hi-Line
Hendrix

33
Q

Turkey Breeders

A

Hendrix
Aviagen

34
Q

Hatchery

A

Incubator controls environment-100f, rotates egg. Incubation length- chicken 21 days, Turkeys 28 days

35
Q

Automated incubation

A

in ovo vaccination, transfers of eggs occur approximately 2-3 days before hatch, move from racks that turn to hatching trays

36
Q

Grow Out

A

contract growers, receive day old chicks, restricted to a small area of the barn at first, receive feed, paid on weight produced

37
Q

Grow Out houses

A

variations in design and size, longer than they are wide, curtain sided to fully enclosed and environmentally controlled, All-in / All-out

38
Q

Hatchery and grow housing

A

floor covered in shavings or straw (litter), when young-heat lamps, typically lights are always on

39
Q

Broiler breeder housing

A

similar to grow out, nesting boxes, 10 hens per rooster

40
Q

What do each part of the system produce?

A

Breeders - eggs
Hatchery - day old chicks
Grow Out - chicken

41
Q

Where do spent hens go?

A

the processing plant

42
Q

Layer Production

A

No rooster = eggs all unfertilized, feeding - ad libitum access to feed and water, diet high in calcium

43
Q

Layer housing - cage systems

A

3-9 birds/cage, controlled environment/reduces “natural behavior”

44
Q

Layer housing - colony cages

A

50-150 birds/cage, controlled environment/allows some “natural behavior”

45
Q

Layer housing - cage-free

A

all birds in a house row, open environment/allows “natural behavior” dusty, more injury due to other birds and environment, litter (manure access)

46
Q

Turkeys

A

-used to be more seasonal, whole turkey are seasonal
-12-14 weeks for hens, 14-17lb carcass, eat about 35lbs of feed
-16-19 weeks for toms, 26-32lb carcass, eat about 90lb of feed
-split sex feeding
-70% further processed

47
Q

Broiler life cycle

A

-incubate egg for 21 days
-hatch- brooding
-starts laying at 24 weeks, lay for 40 weeks, will produce 180 eggs
-hatch at 0.1lb
-slaughter at 42 days and 5lbs

48
Q

Layer life cycle

A

-incubate egg for 21 days
-start laying at 21 weeks, lay for 60 weeks, 3.3lbs
-molt for 2 weeks, no egg laying
-270 eggs per year
-decreased number of eggs, but increased egg size and quality

49
Q

Turkey life cycle

A

-egg incubate for 28 days
-start laying at 30 weeks, lay for 25 weeks, 90 eggs
-hatch at 0.15lbs
-Hens: slaughtered at 12-14 weeks, 14-17lb carcass
-Toms: slaughtered at 16-19 weeks, 26-32lb carcass

50
Q

Foodborne illness

A

-major concern in poultry industry
-Zoonotic disease

51
Q

Zoonotic disease

A

-infectious diseases that can be transmitted from animals to humans or humans to animals
-salmonella serovars-shed through feces, feather dust, and eye or nose secretion
-E. coli- found in intestine of birds. Harmless to birds if kept in check by other bacteria

52
Q

Health Concerns in Poultry

A

-avian influenza
-Exotic Newcastle disease

53
Q

Avian Influenza

A

-respiratory pathogen that can infect a variety of poultry
-low pathogenic or highly pathogenic strains
-clinical signs: appetite loss, swelling around head, reduced egg production, purple discoloration, nasal discharge, coughing, sneezing
-spread through respiratory secretions and feces

54
Q

Exotic Newcastle Disease

A

-fatal viral disease, one of most highly infectious diseases
-signs: gasping for air, depression, tremors, paralysis
-vaccine available

55
Q

Other issues in the poultry industry

A

-antibiotic resistance: human and animal health concern
-Animal welfare: genetic selection for efficiency, animal housing mandated space requirements
-beak trimming
-induction of molt
-Ammonia: bird, worker, and environment concern

APSC 1454 (16 decks)

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