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APSC 1454 > Poultry Industry > Flashcards

Poultry Industry Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two important products of the poultry industry?

A

Meat and Eggs

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2
Q

What are the main species of the poultry industry?

A

chickens, turkeys, ducks and geese much smaller

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3
Q

When are broilers slaughtered?

A

31-60 days (42 avg)

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4
Q

Broilers: Meat Chicken

A

average live weight is 3.8-9lbs (5lbs avg), feed:gain-1.5-1.7, size varies to meet product purpose: fast food, whole birds, cut-up, or deboned

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5
Q

US broiler industry

A

increasing pounds per bird each year, 18% global chickens, 47% global turkey

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6
Q

Distribution of broilers

A

southeast, Virginia ranks 11th

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7
Q

US turkey industry

A

pounds produced has remained constant, but turkey numbers have decreased, since 1990 pounds produced have remained the same

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8
Q

Distribution of turkeys

A

east coast, corn belt, Virginia ranks 6th, production expected to increase

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9
Q

Laying hens - egg production

A

Lays first egg at 20-22 weeks (21 avg), can produce 270 eggs/year, eggs can go to be table eggs, liquid eggs, dry eggs, or processed products

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10
Q

US egg industry

A

391 million laying hens, 109 billion eggs, $11 billion in revenue, small increase in number of hens in last 20 years

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11
Q

Distribution of layer

A

most layers located in cornbelt, Iowa #1, near corn production, close to major population centers, Virginia ranked 26th

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12
Q

History of Poultry production (1960-70)

A

becoming a business, genetic selection for specialized breeds, automation, standardization of production and processing, increased consumption, quality and price

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13
Q

History of poultry production (1980)

A

further processing and value added products, rise of fast-food and food service sector influence, emphasis minimize costs, improving efficiency, increased consumption, low cost, healthy image

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14
Q

poultry production

A

transition to food companies, consumer preferences (home meal replacement), rapid growth of export market, emphasis on: yield improvement, food safety, animal welfare

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15
Q

chick
Pullet

A

young baby
young female

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16
Q

cockerel
hen

A

young male
adult female

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17
Q

rooster
capon

A

intact male
castrated male

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18
Q

poult
jenny

A

young baby
young female

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19
Q

jake
hen

A

young male
adult female

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20
Q

Tom

A

intact male

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21
Q

laying
hatching

A

act of making an egg
chick emerging from egg

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22
Q

flock
broiler

A

group of animals
chicken bred for meat

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23
Q

layer

A

chicken bred for egg production

24
Q

White Leghorn

A

white body and white eggs, Italy, egg production, small size, most common breed in US

25
Cornish
white body and brown eggs, England, wide breast, muscular legs, fast growth, lay few, small eggs, father of most commercial broilers
26
White Plymouth Rock
white body and brown eggs, America, High quality meat, mother of most commercial broilers
27
Broad Breasted White
All white, best growth and muscle yield, can't fly or reproduce on own, most widely used commercial turkey
28
poultry
confined indoors - poultry houses, all industry facets, controlled lighting, temperature
29
poultry system
Breeders to Hatchery to Grow Out to Processing Plant. Feed Mill to breeders and grow out.
30
Breeders
genetics, producer fertilized eggs
31
Broiler Breeders
Aviagen Cobb-Vantress
32
Layer Breeders
Hi-Line Hendrix
33
Turkey Breeders
Hendrix Aviagen
34
Hatchery
Incubator controls environment-100f, rotates egg. Incubation length- chicken 21 days, Turkeys 28 days
35
Automated incubation
in ovo vaccination, transfers of eggs occur approximately 2-3 days before hatch, move from racks that turn to hatching trays
36
Grow Out
contract growers, receive day old chicks, restricted to a small area of the barn at first, receive feed, paid on weight produced
37
Grow Out houses
variations in design and size, longer than they are wide, curtain sided to fully enclosed and environmentally controlled, All-in / All-out
38
Hatchery and grow housing
floor covered in shavings or straw (litter), when young-heat lamps, typically lights are always on
39
Broiler breeder housing
similar to grow out, nesting boxes, 10 hens per rooster
40
What do each part of the system produce?
Breeders - eggs Hatchery - day old chicks Grow Out - chicken
41
Where do spent hens go?
the processing plant
42
Layer Production
No rooster = eggs all unfertilized, feeding - ad libitum access to feed and water, diet high in calcium
43
Layer housing - cage systems
3-9 birds/cage, controlled environment/reduces "natural behavior"
44
Layer housing - colony cages
50-150 birds/cage, controlled environment/allows some "natural behavior"
45
Layer housing - cage-free
all birds in a house row, open environment/allows "natural behavior" dusty, more injury due to other birds and environment, litter (manure access)
46
Turkeys
-used to be more seasonal, whole turkey are seasonal -12-14 weeks for hens, 14-17lb carcass, eat about 35lbs of feed -16-19 weeks for toms, 26-32lb carcass, eat about 90lb of feed -split sex feeding -70% further processed
47
Broiler life cycle
-incubate egg for 21 days -hatch- brooding -starts laying at 24 weeks, lay for 40 weeks, will produce 180 eggs -hatch at 0.1lb -slaughter at 42 days and 5lbs
48
Layer life cycle
-incubate egg for 21 days -start laying at 21 weeks, lay for 60 weeks, 3.3lbs -molt for 2 weeks, no egg laying -270 eggs per year -decreased number of eggs, but increased egg size and quality
49
Turkey life cycle
-egg incubate for 28 days -start laying at 30 weeks, lay for 25 weeks, 90 eggs -hatch at 0.15lbs -Hens: slaughtered at 12-14 weeks, 14-17lb carcass -Toms: slaughtered at 16-19 weeks, 26-32lb carcass
50
Foodborne illness
-major concern in poultry industry -Zoonotic disease
51
Zoonotic disease
-infectious diseases that can be transmitted from animals to humans or humans to animals -salmonella serovars-shed through feces, feather dust, and eye or nose secretion -E. coli- found in intestine of birds. Harmless to birds if kept in check by other bacteria
52
Health Concerns in Poultry
-avian influenza -Exotic Newcastle disease
53
Avian Influenza
-respiratory pathogen that can infect a variety of poultry -low pathogenic or highly pathogenic strains -clinical signs: appetite loss, swelling around head, reduced egg production, purple discoloration, nasal discharge, coughing, sneezing -spread through respiratory secretions and feces
54
Exotic Newcastle Disease
-fatal viral disease, one of most highly infectious diseases -signs: gasping for air, depression, tremors, paralysis -vaccine available
55
Other issues in the poultry industry
-antibiotic resistance: human and animal health concern -Animal welfare: genetic selection for efficiency, animal housing mandated space requirements -beak trimming -induction of molt -Ammonia: bird, worker, and environment concern

APSC 1454 (16 decks)

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