reproduction Flashcards

1
Q

what is reproduction (definition)

A

a process by which new individuals of a species are produced &the genetic material is passed from generation to generation

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2
Q

importance of reproduction

A
  • multiplication of living organisms
  • increase number of its members
  • replace members that have died
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3
Q

characteristic of asexual reproduction

A
-no production of gametes
except in parthenogenesis
-organism produce many offspring in a short time rapidly
-offspring genetically identical
to their parents 
-dont need mates to reproduce.
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4
Q

type of asexual reproduction

A
PLANT
-Vegetative Propagation
ANIMAL
-Parthenogenesis (virgin birth)
-Budding
-Binary Fission
-Fragmentation
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5
Q

what is sexual reproduction?

A

production
of offspring by the fusion of sperm and
oocyte to form a zygote

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6
Q

characteristic sexual reproduction

A

-offspring genetically different
from parents
-Involves the formation of gametes (gametogenesis, meiosis, fertilisation)

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7
Q

advantage sexual reproduction

A

-permits the recombination of genetic
material from different parents
-variation occur
-able to adapt to surrounding(increase survival)

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8
Q

type of sexual reproduction

A
  • external fertilizations

- internal fertilizations

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9
Q

external fertilisation

A
-fusion of gametes which meet outside
the body in an aquatic environment
-eggs release in aquatic environment
-short life span of gamete
-froggy and fishys
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10
Q

internal fertilisation

A

male generally
delivers sperm directly into
female through copulation. fertilisation occur inside female’s.
-Oviparity (ayam, biawak,ikang)
-viviparity (humans ;), mammals basically)
-Ovoviviparity (develop inside egg shell, within the mother’s body)

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11
Q

disadvantages sexual reproduction

A
  • take more time and energy
  • successful rate is not 100% :(
  • favorable traits cannot be passed down
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12
Q

male external reproductive structure

A

scrotum

penis

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13
Q

male internal reproductive structure

A
testes
ducts
accessory glands:
-seminal vesicle
-prostate gland
-bulbourethral glands
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14
Q

function of accessory gland??

  • seminal vesicle
  • prostate gland
  • bulbourethral glands
A

secrete fluid to nourish sperm
alkaline; neutralise acidic urine in urethra
neutralise acidic environment in the vagina

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15
Q

female external reproductive structure?

A

clitoris

2 sets of labia

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16
Q

female internal reproductive structure?

A
ovaries
fallopian tube
uterus
vagina
Bartholin gland
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17
Q

function of testes?

A

contain seminiferous tubule; formation of sperm

secrete testosterone

18
Q

where leydig cell is located at?

A

-at testes, between seminiferous tubule; secrete testosterone

19
Q

function of epididymis?? tau tak tu??

A

for sperm maturation ( ͡° ͜ʖ ͡°)

20
Q

function of male reproductive system??

A

produce sperm in testis
transfer sperm in semen
produce testosterone;
-regulate sexual activities and behaviour of male
-stimulate development and maintanence of male secondary sexual character& accessory sex organ

21
Q

role of female reproductive system?? :3

A

produce ovum
transfer ovum to oviduct; fertilisation take place(fallopian tube)
prepare uterus wall for implantation
secrete main sex hormone; estrogen and progesterone

22
Q

function of sertoli cell

A

nourish sperm-forming cell
provide right environment for sperm
secrete fluid which fill the lumen(seminiferous tubule)
phagocyte foreign particles

23
Q

function of hypothalamus in spermatogenesis

A

secrete GnRH when testosterone level drop; stimulate pituitary anterior lobe to secrete LH and FSH

24
Q

function of LH (spermatogenesis)

A

LH - Leydig cell; secrete testosterone

25
function FSH (spermatogenesis)
F'S'H - 'S'ertoli cell; jump spermatogenesis at puberty
26
what happen when testosterone level peaked???
GnRH and LH slow down; reduce production of testosterone (by who??Leydig cell laaaaa)
27
what happen when sperm count increase?? 0-0
Sertoli cell release inhibin act on hypothalamus and pituitary anterior lobe cut the release of GnRH & FSH lower the sperm count
28
reproductive cycle of female?
the ovaries | the uterine cycle
29
what are the phases of ovarian cycle
follicular phase ovulation phase luteal phase
30
what is follicular phase/estrogenic phase (ovarian cycle)
First phase in ovarian cycle growth and development of follicles. only one follicle become mature graafian follicle Other follicles release E2; thicken endometrium wall
31
what happen in ovulation phase
ovulation occurs | day 14 of menstrual cycle
32
what is luteal phase/progestogenic phase??
3rd phase in ovarian cycle GF---Corpus Luteum high progesterone; thickening endometrium wall.
33
what will happen to corpus luteum when pregnancy occur??
CL will increase in size | Level of progesterone increase
34
what happen if pregnancy does not occur? :'(
CL will degenerate Pg level drop; at critical level, endometrium ruptures. New ovarian cycle will start
35
phases of uterine/menstrual cycle
1. menstrual flow phase 2. proliferative phase 3. secretory phase
36
what happen in menstrual flow (menstrual cycle)
menstruation occur | due to decrease level of Pg; degeneration of CL
37
what is menstruation
a blood vaginal discharge that occurs spontaneously and represent the shedding of endometrium every month. discharge dead endometrium cell, blood vaginal cell, mucous from the cervix and other dead tissues
38
proliferative phase
thickening and regeneration of the endometrium wall begins after menstrual stop proliferate under the influence of E2
39
secretory phase
begins after ovulation | endometrium continues to thicken and the vascularization of endometrium increases
40
at secretory phase, endometrium develop glands that secrete...
glycogen rich fluid to nourish embryo to nourish the embryo