reproduction

Question 1

what is reproduction (definition)

Answer 1

a process by which new individuals of a species are produced &the genetic material is passed from generation to generation

Question 2

importance of reproduction

Answer 2

• multiplication of living organisms
• increase number of its members
• replace members that have died

Question 3

characteristic of asexual reproduction

Answer 3

-no production of gametes
except in parthenogenesis
-organism produce many offspring in a short time rapidly
-offspring genetically identical
to their parents 
-dont need mates to reproduce.

Question 4

type of asexual reproduction

Answer 4

PLANT
-Vegetative Propagation
ANIMAL
-Parthenogenesis (virgin birth)
-Budding
-Binary Fission
-Fragmentation

Question 5

what is sexual reproduction?

Answer 5

production
of offspring by the fusion of sperm and
oocyte to form a zygote

Question 6

characteristic sexual reproduction

Answer 6

-offspring genetically different
from parents
-Involves the formation of gametes (gametogenesis, meiosis, fertilisation)

Question 7

advantage sexual reproduction

Answer 7

-permits the recombination of genetic
material from different parents
-variation occur
-able to adapt to surrounding(increase survival)

Question 8

type of sexual reproduction

Answer 8

• external fertilizations

- internal fertilizations

Question 9

external fertilisation

Answer 9

-fusion of gametes which meet outside
the body in an aquatic environment
-eggs release in aquatic environment
-short life span of gamete
-froggy and fishys

Question 10

internal fertilisation

Answer 10

male generally
delivers sperm directly into
female through copulation. fertilisation occur inside female’s.
-Oviparity (ayam, biawak,ikang)
-viviparity (humans ;), mammals basically)
-Ovoviviparity (develop inside egg shell, within the mother’s body)

Question 11

disadvantages sexual reproduction

Answer 11

• take more time and energy
• successful rate is not 100% :(
• favorable traits cannot be passed down

Question 12

male external reproductive structure

Answer 12

scrotum

penis

Question 13

male internal reproductive structure

Answer 13

testes
ducts
accessory glands:
-seminal vesicle
-prostate gland
-bulbourethral glands

Question 14

function of accessory gland??

• seminal vesicle
• prostate gland
• bulbourethral glands

Answer 14

secrete fluid to nourish sperm
alkaline; neutralise acidic urine in urethra
neutralise acidic environment in the vagina

Question 15

female external reproductive structure?

Answer 15

clitoris

2 sets of labia

Question 16

female internal reproductive structure?

Answer 16

ovaries
fallopian tube
uterus
vagina
Bartholin gland

Question 17

function of testes?

Answer 17

contain seminiferous tubule; formation of sperm

secrete testosterone

Question 18

where leydig cell is located at?

Answer 18

-at testes, between seminiferous tubule; secrete testosterone

Question 19

function of epididymis?? tau tak tu??

Answer 19

for sperm maturation ( ͡° ͜ʖ ͡°)

Question 20

function of male reproductive system??

Answer 20

produce sperm in testis
transfer sperm in semen
produce testosterone;
-regulate sexual activities and behaviour of male
-stimulate development and maintanence of male secondary sexual character& accessory sex organ

Question 21

role of female reproductive system?? :3

Answer 21

produce ovum
transfer ovum to oviduct; fertilisation take place(fallopian tube)
prepare uterus wall for implantation
secrete main sex hormone; estrogen and progesterone

Question 22

function of sertoli cell

Answer 22

nourish sperm-forming cell
provide right environment for sperm
secrete fluid which fill the lumen(seminiferous tubule)
phagocyte foreign particles

Question 23

function of hypothalamus in spermatogenesis

Answer 23

secrete GnRH when testosterone level drop; stimulate pituitary anterior lobe to secrete LH and FSH

Question 24

function of LH (spermatogenesis)

Answer 24

LH - Leydig cell; secrete testosterone

Question 25

function FSH (spermatogenesis)

Answer 25

F’S’H - ‘S’ertoli cell; jump spermatogenesis at puberty

Question 26

what happen when testosterone level peaked???

Answer 26

GnRH and LH slow down; reduce production of testosterone (by who??Leydig cell laaaaa)

Question 27

what happen when sperm count increase?? 0-0

Answer 27

Sertoli cell release inhibin act on hypothalamus and pituitary anterior lobe
cut the release of GnRH & FSH
lower the sperm count

Question 28

reproductive cycle of female?

Answer 28

the ovaries

the uterine cycle

Question 29

what are the phases of ovarian cycle

Answer 29

follicular phase
ovulation phase
luteal phase

Question 30

what is follicular phase/estrogenic phase (ovarian cycle)

Answer 30

First phase in ovarian cycle
growth and development of follicles.
only one follicle become mature graafian follicle
Other follicles release E2; thicken endometrium wall

Question 31

what happen in ovulation phase

Answer 31

ovulation occurs

day 14 of menstrual cycle

Question 32

what is luteal phase/progestogenic phase??

Answer 32

3rd phase in ovarian cycle
GF—Corpus Luteum
high progesterone; thickening endometrium wall.

Question 33

what will happen to corpus luteum when pregnancy occur??

Answer 33

CL will increase in size

Level of progesterone increase

Question 34

what happen if pregnancy does not occur? :’(

Answer 34

CL will degenerate
Pg level drop; at critical level, endometrium ruptures.
New ovarian cycle will start

Question 35

phases of uterine/menstrual cycle

Answer 35

1. menstrual flow phase
2. proliferative phase
3. secretory phase

Question 36

what happen in menstrual flow (menstrual cycle)

Answer 36

menstruation occur

due to decrease level of Pg; degeneration of CL

Question 37

what is menstruation

Answer 37

a blood vaginal discharge that occurs spontaneously and represent the shedding of endometrium every month.
discharge dead endometrium cell, blood vaginal cell, mucous from the cervix and other dead tissues

Question 38

proliferative phase

Answer 38

thickening and regeneration of the endometrium wall
begins after menstrual stop
proliferate under the influence of E2

Question 39

secretory phase

Answer 39

begins after ovulation

endometrium continues to thicken and the vascularization of endometrium increases

Question 40

at secretory phase, endometrium develop glands that secrete…

Answer 40

glycogen rich fluid to nourish embryo to nourish the embryo