reproduction Flashcards
what is reproduction (definition)
a process by which new individuals of a species are produced &the genetic material is passed from generation to generation
importance of reproduction
- multiplication of living organisms
- increase number of its members
- replace members that have died
characteristic of asexual reproduction
-no production of gametes except in parthenogenesis -organism produce many offspring in a short time rapidly -offspring genetically identical to their parents -dont need mates to reproduce.
type of asexual reproduction
PLANT -Vegetative Propagation ANIMAL -Parthenogenesis (virgin birth) -Budding -Binary Fission -Fragmentation
what is sexual reproduction?
production
of offspring by the fusion of sperm and
oocyte to form a zygote
characteristic sexual reproduction
-offspring genetically different
from parents
-Involves the formation of gametes (gametogenesis, meiosis, fertilisation)
advantage sexual reproduction
-permits the recombination of genetic
material from different parents
-variation occur
-able to adapt to surrounding(increase survival)
type of sexual reproduction
- external fertilizations
- internal fertilizations
external fertilisation
-fusion of gametes which meet outside the body in an aquatic environment -eggs release in aquatic environment -short life span of gamete -froggy and fishys
internal fertilisation
male generally
delivers sperm directly into
female through copulation. fertilisation occur inside female’s.
-Oviparity (ayam, biawak,ikang)
-viviparity (humans ;), mammals basically)
-Ovoviviparity (develop inside egg shell, within the mother’s body)
disadvantages sexual reproduction
- take more time and energy
- successful rate is not 100% :(
- favorable traits cannot be passed down
male external reproductive structure
scrotum
penis
male internal reproductive structure
testes ducts accessory glands: -seminal vesicle -prostate gland -bulbourethral glands
function of accessory gland??
- seminal vesicle
- prostate gland
- bulbourethral glands
secrete fluid to nourish sperm
alkaline; neutralise acidic urine in urethra
neutralise acidic environment in the vagina
female external reproductive structure?
clitoris
2 sets of labia
female internal reproductive structure?
ovaries fallopian tube uterus vagina Bartholin gland
function of testes?
contain seminiferous tubule; formation of sperm
secrete testosterone
where leydig cell is located at?
-at testes, between seminiferous tubule; secrete testosterone
function of epididymis?? tau tak tu??
for sperm maturation ( ͡° ͜ʖ ͡°)
function of male reproductive system??
produce sperm in testis
transfer sperm in semen
produce testosterone;
-regulate sexual activities and behaviour of male
-stimulate development and maintanence of male secondary sexual character& accessory sex organ
role of female reproductive system?? :3
produce ovum
transfer ovum to oviduct; fertilisation take place(fallopian tube)
prepare uterus wall for implantation
secrete main sex hormone; estrogen and progesterone
function of sertoli cell
nourish sperm-forming cell
provide right environment for sperm
secrete fluid which fill the lumen(seminiferous tubule)
phagocyte foreign particles
function of hypothalamus in spermatogenesis
secrete GnRH when testosterone level drop; stimulate pituitary anterior lobe to secrete LH and FSH
function of LH (spermatogenesis)
LH - Leydig cell; secrete testosterone
function FSH (spermatogenesis)
F’S’H - ‘S’ertoli cell; jump spermatogenesis at puberty
what happen when testosterone level peaked???
GnRH and LH slow down; reduce production of testosterone (by who??Leydig cell laaaaa)
what happen when sperm count increase?? 0-0
Sertoli cell release inhibin act on hypothalamus and pituitary anterior lobe
cut the release of GnRH & FSH
lower the sperm count
reproductive cycle of female?
the ovaries
the uterine cycle
what are the phases of ovarian cycle
follicular phase
ovulation phase
luteal phase
what is follicular phase/estrogenic phase (ovarian cycle)
First phase in ovarian cycle
growth and development of follicles.
only one follicle become mature graafian follicle
Other follicles release E2; thicken endometrium wall
what happen in ovulation phase
ovulation occurs
day 14 of menstrual cycle
what is luteal phase/progestogenic phase??
3rd phase in ovarian cycle
GF—Corpus Luteum
high progesterone; thickening endometrium wall.
what will happen to corpus luteum when pregnancy occur??
CL will increase in size
Level of progesterone increase
what happen if pregnancy does not occur? :’(
CL will degenerate
Pg level drop; at critical level, endometrium ruptures.
New ovarian cycle will start
phases of uterine/menstrual cycle
- menstrual flow phase
- proliferative phase
- secretory phase
what happen in menstrual flow (menstrual cycle)
menstruation occur
due to decrease level of Pg; degeneration of CL
what is menstruation
a blood vaginal discharge that occurs spontaneously and represent the shedding of endometrium every month.
discharge dead endometrium cell, blood vaginal cell, mucous from the cervix and other dead tissues
proliferative phase
thickening and regeneration of the endometrium wall
begins after menstrual stop
proliferate under the influence of E2
secretory phase
begins after ovulation
endometrium continues to thicken and the vascularization of endometrium increases
at secretory phase, endometrium develop glands that secrete…
glycogen rich fluid to nourish embryo to nourish the embryo
