Bacteria Flashcards
ingat bacteria ingat balqis
Can bacteria be found in hot springs?
Yes, they can be found in hot springs where temperatures may reach 78 celcius and can survive very low temperature and periods of freezing in ice. Ingat kecik kecik cili api, semua tempat dia boleh duduk panas ke sejuk ke
Is bacteria is the smallest organisms with a cellular structure?
Yes, ingat balqis kecik ingat bacteria paling kecik
Do bacteria have special transport mechanisms?
No because molecule in solution can diffuse about 60 micrometer per second. Dia dah kecik jadi tak perlukan bantuan.
Cyanobacteria (the blue-green bacteria) may form filaments, so do they still considered as unicellular?
Ye masih dikira unicellular or single cells
Bacteria stick together forming?
chains/clusters like bunches of grapes TAPI the cells are TOTALLY INDEPENDENT walaupun bersama
Cell wall of bacteria is strong and rigid due to?
murein, ni consists of sugar and amino acid
In some bacteria, the cell membrane forms?
mesosomes/photosynthetic membranes
So what are mesosomes?
Mesosomes are infoldings cell membranes
What are mesosomes role?
synthesis of cell wall material
What is the pigment inside of photosynthetic membrane?
*nama biasa tapi lain sikit
bacteriochlorophyll jangan lupa bacterio tu sebab ni kan dalam bacteria
What is the shape of bacterial DNA?
circular sama macam mitochondrial dna
What is plasmid?
self-replicating circle of EXTRA DNA, bila ada plasmids dia ada extra survival advantage and dijumpai dalam ALL BACTERIA
Example plasmids function
resistance to antibiotics, use complex chemicals as food, resistance to disinfects, cause disease
What is pili?
Numerous tine protein rods projecting from the walls of some Gram negative bacteria (dia macam flagella tapi pili shorter and thinner). Pili involved in sexual reproduction.
Function flagella
propel the cell along by rotating at the base, nak bergerak kena la ada ekor,ekor tu flagella
Do bacteria form endospores?
Yes, some bacteria mainly Clostridium and Bacillus
What is capsules?
Capsules are slimy or gummy secretions of certain bacteria to enable bacteria to stick to surfaces
Classification of bacteria (ada 3 je)
-aerobic (ada oxygen)
-anaerobic (no oxygen)
-facultative anaerobes (prefer dalam oxygen tapi takde oxygen pun boleh hidup)
semua based on oxygen
Classification bacteria based on
- cell shape
- locomotion
- pigment
- nutrition
- staining technique
- colony
How to know gram positive bacteria and gram negative bacteria?
bacteria that stain Gram’s stain are positive,
bacteria that do not stain Gram’s stain are negative
Difference positive and negative bacteria
positive- cell wall thicker ( murein net filled with other components)
negative-cell wall thinner but more complex
How bacteria reproduce ASEXUALLY?
by binary FISSION bukan fusion sebab dia nak pecah bukan nak gabung
Explain general process binary fission
-cell replicates DNA
-cytoplasmic membrane elongates to separate DNA
-transverse septum
-completion of septum
awal awal replicates ada 2 dna, lepastu nak pisahkan dna sebabtu dia memanjang pastu nak pisahkan badan sebabtu ada septum sampaila septum tu putus
Three ways of SEXUAL reproduction
conjugation
transduction
transformation
What is conjugation?
Conjugation is the direct transfer of genetic material between two bacterial cells.
DNA ni transfer one way je so ada donor (male) dengan recipient (female)
How conjugation works?
- donor (F+) ada F plasmid tapi recipient (F-) takde
- F plasmid replicates
- transfer using conjugation bridge
- remaining strand plasmid serves as template to build replacement
- when single strand enter recipient, serves as template to assemble double-stranded plasmid
- so both contain complete copy plasmid
What is transformation?
Transformation is thealteration of a bacterial cell’s genotype by the uptake of naked foreign DNA from surrounding
(kalau conjugation from cell to cell tapi transformation from surrounding)
What is transduction?
Bacteriophages(virus) carry bacterial genes from one host to another
ada two forms
-generalized transduction
-specialized transduction
Why generalized and specialized transduction?
Generalized-phage transfers bacterial genes at random
(lytic cycle)
Specialized-transfer only certain genes, those near prophage site on bacterial chromosomes
(lysogenic cycle)
List biological importance of bacteria
food processing biotechnology genetic engineering fibre retting digestion pest control agents of disease food spoilage