Bacteria

Question 1

Can bacteria be found in hot springs?

Answer 1

Yes, they can be found in hot springs where temperatures may reach 78 celcius and can survive very low temperature and periods of freezing in ice. Ingat kecik kecik cili api, semua tempat dia boleh duduk panas ke sejuk ke

Question 2

Is bacteria is the smallest organisms with a cellular structure?

Answer 2

Yes, ingat balqis kecik ingat bacteria paling kecik

Question 3

Do bacteria have special transport mechanisms?

Answer 3

No because molecule in solution can diffuse about 60 micrometer per second. Dia dah kecik jadi tak perlukan bantuan.

Question 4

Cyanobacteria (the blue-green bacteria) may form filaments, so do they still considered as unicellular?

Answer 4

Ye masih dikira unicellular or single cells

Question 5

Bacteria stick together forming?

Answer 5

chains/clusters like bunches of grapes TAPI the cells are TOTALLY INDEPENDENT walaupun bersama

Question 6

Cell wall of bacteria is strong and rigid due to?

Answer 6

murein, ni consists of sugar and amino acid

Question 7

In some bacteria, the cell membrane forms?

Answer 7

mesosomes/photosynthetic membranes

Question 8

So what are mesosomes?

Answer 8

Mesosomes are infoldings cell membranes

Question 9

What are mesosomes role?

Answer 9

synthesis of cell wall material

Question 10

What is the pigment inside of photosynthetic membrane?

*nama biasa tapi lain sikit

Answer 10

bacteriochlorophyll jangan lupa bacterio tu sebab ni kan dalam bacteria

Question 11

What is the shape of bacterial DNA?

Answer 11

circular sama macam mitochondrial dna

Question 12

What is plasmid?

Answer 12

self-replicating circle of EXTRA DNA, bila ada plasmids dia ada extra survival advantage and dijumpai dalam ALL BACTERIA

Question 13

Example plasmids function

Answer 13

resistance to antibiotics, use complex chemicals as food, resistance to disinfects, cause disease

Question 14

What is pili?

Answer 14

Numerous tine protein rods projecting from the walls of some Gram negative bacteria (dia macam flagella tapi pili shorter and thinner). Pili involved in sexual reproduction.

Question 15

Function flagella

Answer 15

propel the cell along by rotating at the base, nak bergerak kena la ada ekor,ekor tu flagella

Question 16

Do bacteria form endospores?

Answer 16

Yes, some bacteria mainly Clostridium and Bacillus

Question 17

What is capsules?

Answer 17

Capsules are slimy or gummy secretions of certain bacteria to enable bacteria to stick to surfaces

Question 18

Classification of bacteria (ada 3 je)

Answer 18

-aerobic (ada oxygen)
-anaerobic (no oxygen)
-facultative anaerobes (prefer dalam oxygen tapi takde oxygen pun boleh hidup)
semua based on oxygen

Question 19

Classification bacteria based on

Answer 19

• cell shape
• locomotion
• pigment
• nutrition
• staining technique
• colony

Question 20

How to know gram positive bacteria and gram negative bacteria?

Answer 20

bacteria that stain Gram’s stain are positive,

bacteria that do not stain Gram’s stain are negative

Question 21

Difference positive and negative bacteria

Answer 21

positive- cell wall thicker ( murein net filled with other components)
negative-cell wall thinner but more complex

Question 22

How bacteria reproduce ASEXUALLY?

Answer 22

by binary FISSION bukan fusion sebab dia nak pecah bukan nak gabung

Question 23

Explain general process binary fission

Answer 23

-cell replicates DNA
-cytoplasmic membrane elongates to separate DNA
-transverse septum
-completion of septum
awal awal replicates ada 2 dna, lepastu nak pisahkan dna sebabtu dia memanjang pastu nak pisahkan badan sebabtu ada septum sampaila septum tu putus

Question 24

Three ways of SEXUAL reproduction

Answer 24

conjugation
transduction
transformation

Question 25

What is conjugation?

Answer 25

Conjugation is the direct transfer of genetic material between two bacterial cells. DNA ni transfer one way je so ada donor (male) dengan recipient (female)

Question 26

How conjugation works?

Answer 26

- donor (F+) ada F plasmid tapi recipient (F-) takde - F plasmid replicates - transfer using conjugation bridge - remaining strand plasmid serves as template to build replacement - when single strand enter recipient, serves as template to assemble double-stranded plasmid - so both contain complete copy plasmid

Question 27

What is transformation?

Answer 27

Transformation is thealteration of a bacterial cell's genotype by the uptake of naked foreign DNA from surrounding (kalau conjugation from cell to cell tapi transformation from surrounding)

Question 28

What is transduction?

Answer 28

Bacteriophages(virus) carry bacterial genes from one host to another ada two forms -generalized transduction -specialized transduction

Question 29

Why generalized and specialized transduction?

Answer 29

Generalized-phage transfers bacterial genes at random (lytic cycle) Specialized-transfer only certain genes, those near prophage site on bacterial chromosomes (lysogenic cycle)

Question 30

List biological importance of bacteria

Answer 30

``` food processing biotechnology genetic engineering fibre retting digestion pest control agents of disease food spoilage ```