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Bio Srikandi UM > Chemicals Of Life > Flashcards

Chemicals Of Life Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Living organism made from

A

Organic and inorganic molecule

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2
Q

What is organic molecule

A

Large, complex molecule with backbone of C atom

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3
Q

What is inorganic molecule

A

Small, simple molecule that lack of C atom or have only 1

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4
Q

Atom combines by chemical bonding to form

A

Molecule

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5
Q

4 important bonds

A

Ionic bonds
Covalent bonds
H bonds
VDW bonds

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6
Q

Ionic bond involves

A

Transfer of electron

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7
Q

What happen in ionic bond

A

1 atom lose e form +ve ion
1 atom gain e form -ve ion
Charge different so they attract each other

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8
Q

Covalent bonds involve

A

Share 1 or more pairs of e

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9
Q

Types of covalent bond

A

Polar

Non polar

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10
Q

What is non polar c.b

A

Atoms same proton no. Exert

Same pull and electron, share e equally

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11
Q

Charge in non polar c.b

A

No diff in charge between two end of atom

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12
Q

What is polar c.b

A

Atoms of diff elements (diff proton no.) Dont exert same pull on e
Atom that pull more e become slightly -ve
Atom pull less e become slightly +ve

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13
Q

Charge in polar c.b

A

No net charge

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14
Q

Define electronegativity

A

Tendency of atom to attract electron towards itself. Depends on atomic no. and dist between valence e and nucleus (bak kata teacher noor, nak jadi negative ion)

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15
Q

Try explain polar c.b in water

A

O more electro-ve than H. Electron shared are pulled more towards O. O slightly -ve , H slightly +ve

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16
Q

What is H bond

A

Attraction between more electro-ve atoms (from one polar c.b)and H atom (from another polar c.b)

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17
Q

Can H bond be in same or diff molecule?

A

Both

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18
Q

What is VDW interactions

A

A molecule with non polar c.b may have +ve and -ve charged regions. This is bcs e is in constant motion, they are not symmetrically distributed
Its a weak interaction and occur only when atoms and molecules are very close

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19
Q

Importance of water

A

Surround the cell
70-95% in cell
Reactant of many chemical reaction in life

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20
Q

Structure of water

A

Have 1 O and 2 H
O > electro-ve than H
So O slightly -ve , H slightly +ve
Form polar molecule

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21
Q

Charge in water

A

No net charge but charge are unevenly distributed

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22
Q

Why water liquid can flow

A

The H bond between water molecule constantly form break reform

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23
Q

What makes water stable compound

A

Has H bond between molecules

Collective H bond produce strong structure allowing water to be stable compound

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24
Q

Due to polarity

A

Water molecule attracts and form bond (H bond) with each other

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25
Q

5 properties of water

A 
Cohesion adhesion
High specific heat cap.
High heat Vap
Lower density of ice
Water as principal solvent
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26
Q

What is adhesion

A

Attraction between water and polar substance like container

Make things wet

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27
Q

Cohesion

A

Attraction betwern water molecules that produce surface tension (skin of water)
Allow insects to walk on water (water strider)
Water surface provide breeding and feeding place

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28
Q

Adhesion+cohesion

A

Capillary action

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29
Q

What is capillary action

A

Tendency of water to move in narrow tube against the gravity force

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30
Q

How capillary action works in plant

A

Capillary action in plants allow water to flow upward through the vascular system. As water evaporate from leaves surface, water molecules that are cohered to that evaporating molecules move upward. The water stays in tubular shape bcs it i adhered to the lining of plant vascular tube

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31
Q

Define specific heat cap

A

Amount of heat absorbed or lost by 1g substances to change it temp by 1°C

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32
Q

What is specific heat cap of water

A

4.2 J (large amount)

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33
Q

Why water has high specific heat cap

A

Bcs heat is needed to break the H bomds between water molecule therefore change in temp only cause slight change in water temp

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34
Q

Significance of high spec heat cap

A

Temp change is minimized. Water helps to moderate temp of organism and environment

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35
Q

Define heat of vaporization

A

Quantity of heat that a liquid absorb for 1g of it to be converted from liquid to gas

36
Q

Why high heat vap

A

Heat energy used to break H bonds between water molecules so they can escape as gas

37
Q

Significance of high heat vap

A

Heat is transferred fom surrounding to water molecules

38
Q

Explain lower density of ice

A

Water reaches its high density at 4°C. As it cools below 4°C, density of water decrease. This is bcs the liquid water expand as it freeze. When reaching 0, water expel less energy and H bonding occur. Water molecule is locked in crystallinr lattice with each molecule bomded max to 4 partners. Water molecules are further apart to each other to form lattice causing ice to expand

39
Q

Signifiance of lower ice density

A

During winter the whole ocean or lake dont freeze. This is bcs when water surface has freeze, it will form ice sheets that act as insulator. Organisms below it can survive

40
Q

Why water principal solvent

A

It is a polar molecule that attracted to ions and other polar molecules. Attraction between wter and ions are stronger than ions and ions. Thats why NaCl dissolves redily in water

41
Q

What happen when NaCl added into water

A

Water surrond the salt molecules and separate Na+ and Cl- by forming sphere of hydration and keeps ions dispersed in fluid

42
Q

What does water form to separate Na+ and Cl-

A

Sphere of hydration

43
Q

Solutes+solvent=aqueous solution

What is the function of aqueous solution

A

Medium for chemical reaction

Transport medium in organisms

44
Q

Dissociation of water molecules

A

2H20=H3O+( hydronium ion)+ OH-(hydroxide ion) occasionally

H2O= H+ +OH-

Reversible and rare statistically
H and hydroxide ions are so reactive
Changes of both concentration can affect chemistry of cell

Most biological fluid pH is 6-8

Small change in pH shows substantial change in conc of these ions

45
Q

Define acid and base

A

Acid is substance that increase [H+]
Base is substance that reduce [H+]

When HCl is added into water, it will dissociate form cl- and H+

Some base reduce [H+] directly, some indirect

46
Q

How base direct and indirect

A

Direct by just accept the H+

Indirect by dissociate into cation and OH- then OH- combine with H+ to form water

47
Q

Chemical process can be distrupted by changes of [H+] and [OH-] from normal values.To maintain pH we need what in our body

A

Buffer (buffer is specific for pH only)

48
Q

Function of buffers

A

Minimize change in pH when acid or base is added. It can both accept or donate H+ depends on the concentration of H+. Typically consist of weak acif and its corresponding weak base

49
Q

Example of buffer

A

Carbonic acid (pastu gi tengok equation dia) fahamkan aku tak reti buat

50
Q

Mineral salts

A

Required in small quantity
Used to regulate body process
Minerals not store in body except iron

51
Q

3 properties of carbon

A

Able to form 4 covalent bond
Has high affinity to other C atom
Can form multiple bonds with C,O,N (strong bonds)

52
Q

C able to form 4 covalent bonds allow what

A

C atom to form diverse molecule by bomding with 4 other atoms

53
Q

C has high affinity to C atoms allow

A

Formation of C skeleton (chain or ring)

Other element like H N O P will bind to C skeleton

54
Q

What is hydrocarbon

A

Molecules consist of H and C only

55
Q

Hydrocarbon is major comp of

A

Fats and petroleum

56
Q

Hydrocarbon is hydrophobic bcs

A

Has many non polar C to H bond

57
Q

What is isomers

A

Molecules with same molecular formula but diff structural formula and properties

58
Q

What is the three types of isomer

A 
Structural isomers
Geometrical isomers (steroisomers)
Optical isomers (stereoisomers)
59
Q

C forms multiple bond with C O N . The bond form is

A

Strong bonds

May be 1 pair, 2pairs or 3

60
Q

What is functional group

A

Cluster of atoms that are covalently bonded to carbon skeleton and give the organic compound diff properties

Parts of molecules that involve in chem reaction
(Tcr noor dulu kata tempat berlaku reaction)

61
Q

6 example of functionaal group and its properties

A

Hydroxyl group OH polar

Amino group NH3+ charged

Carboxyl group COOH- charged

Carbonyl CO polar

Phosphate group PO3- charge

Sulfhydryl group SH polar

62
Q

Functional group that is acidic

A

Carboxyl

Phosphate

63
Q

Functional group that is basic

A

Amino

64
Q

Diff position of functional group produce

A

Diff type of compound

65
Q

What is polymers

A

Long molecule consist of many similar identical building blocks calle monomers linked by covalent bond

66
Q

What is its polymers

Sugar

Fatty acids

Amino acids

Nucleotides

A

Polysaccharides

Lipids

Protein

Nucleic acid

67
Q

Monomers linked together formed polymers by

A

Condensation (water removal)

68
Q

What happen in condensation

A

Enzyme remove H+ from one monomer and OH- from another monomer to release water

69
Q

Polymers breakdown through what

A

Hydrolysis (add water)

70
Q

What happen in hydrolysis

A

H+ and OH- from water attached to the exposed site of polymers to break down it

71
Q

protein is the most diverse biomolecule. State the roles of protein.

A

made up the phospholipid bilayer, production of enzyme, circulating hormones, antibody

72
Q

amino acids consist of;

A

amino group, carboxyl group, hydrogen atom and R group

73
Q

properties of amino acid scan be determined by the R group. it may be…

A

nonpolar/polar/positively charged/negatively charged

74
Q

why do amino acids can act as buffer and form bipolar molecule when dissolved in water?

A

amino acid is an amphoteric molecule.

75
Q

what are peptide bonds, its function and how did it form?

A

a covalent bond that links amino group of an amino acid to a carboxyl group of another amino acid through condensation.

76
Q

gene(DNA) determines the sequence of amino acids. what does amino acids sequence determine?

A

the final shape of proteins

77
Q

proteins need to reach its conformation to be functional. states the level of protein structures

A

primary structure
secondary structure
tertiary structure
quaternary structure

78
Q

explain primary structure

A

unique sequence of amino acids of a polypeptide chain

79
Q

explain secondary structure

A

regular, repeated folding of polypeptide chain
due to H bonds form between N – H group of one amino acid and C = O group of another
two types: alpha-helix and beta-pleated sheet

80
Q

explain tertiary structure

A
  • irregular folding of the polypeptide chain due to 4 types of bonds between side chains (R groups)
  • three dimensional conformation of protein
  • function of a protein depends on its tertiary structure
  • if destructed it will lose its activity
81
Q

explain quaternary structure

A

Interaction between more than one polypeptides in a single protein

82
Q

what is the importance of primary structure?

A

Slight change in primary structure can affect a protein’s conformation and its ability to function

83
Q

name the bonds between side chains(R group)

A

disulphide bonds(covalent bonds)
ionic bonds
hydrogen bonds
hydrophobic and van der Waals interaction

84
Q

classification of proteins are based on the structure and composition. what is the characteristics for structure?

A

fibrous protein; no tertiary structure, long fibres or sheets is shape, insoluble in water, perform structural functions, length of polypeptide may varies
globular proteins; have tertiary structure, spherical in shape, dissolve in water, length of polypeptide chains always identical, perform metabolic function

85
Q

what is the characteristics for composistion?

A

simple; contains only amino acids

conjugate; amino acids + non-protein molecule (prosthetic group)

86
Q

denaturation is a process where protein lose its conformation. why does it happen?

A

Due to the bonds holding protein’s shape are broken

Factors that are able to break bonds:-extreme pH, excessive heat, chemicals, organic solvents, heavy metal ions

87
Q

denaturation of proteins can be reversed using biotechnological methods but only for simple proteins. what is the process?

A

protein renaturation

Bio Srikandi UM (16 decks)

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