Carbohydrates Flashcards
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Comp of carbohydaarate and ratio
C H O
1:2:1
Characteistic of carbs
Sweet
Water soluble
Form crystal
3 classes of carbs
Monosaccaharide
Disaccharide
Polysaccharide
What is the simplest carbs
Monosachharide (3-7C) but mostly 5-6C
Monosaccharide combine to form
Polymer
Monosaccharide can be converted to other molecule
Isomers
Monosaccharide in what form
Chain or linear
Properties of monosaccharide
Sweet
Water soluble
Can cystallize
Reducind sugar
Function monosaccaride
Use as sorce of energy in cellular respiration
Building blocks for other molecules
Classification monosaccharide based on
Size of skeleton
Location of carbonyl group
If carbonyl is at end
If carbony kat tengah
End aldose
KATengah KETose
3 C
5 C
6C
Name of monosaccharide based on size
Triose
Pentose
Hexose
What is structural isomers
Due to diff attachment of group of atoms in molecule
What is geometrical isomers
Due ti diff SPATIAL attachment of group of atoms in molecule
What is optical isomers
Compound which exist in two forms whose structure are mirror image
Why in aqueous solution pentose and hexose form rings
More stable
Pyranose haw many C
5 C and 1 O
Furanose how many C
4 C and 1O
Glucose can form 2 interconvertible ring structure
Alpha glucose
Beta glucose
What the different between alpha and beta glucose
Alpha OH kat bawah
Beta OH kat atas
Dalam lecture notes yg colur biru tu
Sini takleh letak gambar
What is reducing sugar
Ability of sugar to reduce copper valency in benedict’s or Fehling’s solution
Colour change if reducing sugar present
Blue solution to brick red precipitate
Ionic eq in reducing sugar
Cu2+ + e = Cu+
Reducing sugar is due to presence of
Aldehyde or ketone group (free OH) on the anomeric C of sugar
What is anomeric C
Carbon that has functional group
Reducing sugar react with food to
Change colour or taste of food
Application reducing sugar in medic
Diagnosis of glucose presence in urine
What is disaccharide
Two monosaccharide joined covalently by glycosidic bond
What is the bond in carbs
Glycosydic bond
Which disaccharide non reducing sugar
Sucrose
Why sucrose non reducimg sugar
Lose functional group
No aldehyde or ketone
What is maltose
Malt sugar that (created when seeds germinate) from hydrolysis of starch
Highlt soluble in water
Glucose+glucose
Reducing sugar
Foun in bread, candies, energy bars
What is lactose
Milk sugar that foun primarily in dairy foods
Glucose+galactose
Reducing sugar
Found in milk cheese chocolates
What is sucrose
Table sugar
Obtain from sugar cane or sugar beets
Mainly found in plants
Most granulated sugar use in baking
Glucose+fructose
Not reducing sugar
Function plysaccaharide
Energy storage (glycogen in animal and starch in plant)
Structural support of cell ( cell wall ) cellulose and chitin
Function of starch and how it is stored in plants
Store polysaccharide in plant
Stored as granules within plastid
Is starch soluble in water
No
Why iodine turn from yellow to blue black when starch present
Iodine molecules trapped within coils of amylose chain
Condensation of alpha glucose in sarch is joined by
Alpha -1,4- glycosidic bond
Starch consist of
Amylose chain that is simple linear unbranched jelix
Amylopectin that is linear branched helix, branched at alpha-1,6- glycosidic bond
Starch can be hydrolysed by
Amylase to break the alpha-1,4-glycosidic bond
What is function of glycogen and where does it present
Storage polysaccharide in animal
Present in muscle and iver (high metabolic activity)
What does glycogen consist of
Large alpha glucose polymer tht is more branched than amylopectin
Why component in glycogen is much more branched than amylopectin
It has many ends for fast breakdown where during respiration, more ends that the enzyme can start the process of hydrolysis
Is glycogen water soluble
No
Cellulose is major component of
Cell wall
Cellulose consist of
Long unbranched beta glucose linked by beta-1,4-glycosidic bond
How is comp in cellulose is arranged
Linear chain arranged parallely, stick together due to H bond formed between hydroxyl group of adjacent cells
Chain group together form ………. , large bundle of microfibrils form……
Microfibrils
Macrofibrils
Macrofibrils has
High tensile strength tat give rigidity to plant
What macrofibrils do
This allow what
They criss cross forming strong structure held by H bonds
Allows water to move through cell wall
Strength of cell wall prevent
Cell from bursting when water pass into cell
Pressure caused by water makes cell……, suporting plant through…..
Turgid
Turgor pressure
Most organism cannot hydrolyse cellulose bcs
Absence of cellulase
Celluase in human diet is to
Where can cellulise be obtained
Aid in smooth passage of food in digestive tract
Fruit vegetable grain
Does cellulose has diff structure from starch
Yes
In starch OH dia semua kat bawah tapi cellulose selang seli atas bawah
Nanti pegi tengok gambar dia
Cellulase is to
Breakdown the beta-1,4-glycosidic bond in cellulose
Organism that have cellulase
Ruminants
Cellulose is major comp of
Tough cell walls that enclosed plant
What is chitin
Polymer of amino sugar attached to glucose monomers
What is the function of chitin
Form exoskeleton of arthropods and cell walls of fungi
