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Reproduction Flashcards

1
Q

What would happen, if after ovulation, the ovum fails to progress down the oviduct?

A

Gestational anestrus

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2
Q

What is the role of reproduction in Mother Nature

A

propagation

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3
Q

What is the role of reproduction in agriculture

A

efficiency

how to make money in a livestock industry

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4
Q

How important is reproduction

A

profitability

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5
Q

What is puberty

A

transition from immature to mature reproductive to hormonal state

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6
Q

How to determine puberty

A 
Age
Nutrition
Season
Health 
Secondary sexual characteristics
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7
Q

Estrus

A

period when an animal is receptive to breeding

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8
Q

Estrous cycle

A

cycle of estrus/anestrus

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9
Q

Gestation

A

period from conception to birth

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10
Q

Puberty in cattle

A

8-14 months

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11
Q

Puberty in Goats

A

4-8 months

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12
Q

Puberty in Sheep

A

4-8 months

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13
Q

Puberty in Horses

A

10-12 months

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14
Q

Puberty in Poultry

A

4-6 months

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15
Q

Puberty in Swine

A

5-7 months

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16
Q

Puberty in Dogs

A

5-24 months

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17
Q

Puberty in Cats

A

4-18 months

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18
Q

Estrus cycle in Cattle

A

21 days

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19
Q

Estrus cycle in Goats

A

21 days

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20
Q

Estrus cycle in Sheep

A

16-17 days

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21
Q

Estrus cycle in Horses

A

21-23 days

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22
Q

Estrus cycle in Poultry

A

daily

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23
Q

Estrus cycle in Swine

A

21 days

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24
Q

Gestation in Cattle

A

285 days

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25
Q

Gestation in Goats

A

150 days

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26
Q

Gestation in Sheep

A

147 days

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27
Q

Gestation in Horses

A

336 days

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28
Q

Gestation in Swine

A

114 days

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29
Q

Gestation in Dogs

A

52 days

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30
Q

Gestation in Cats

A

60 days

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31
Q

Age at first parturition in Cattle

A

2 years

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32
Q

Age at first parturition in Goats

A

1-2 years

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33
Q

Age at first parturition in Sheep

A

1-2 years

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34
Q

Age at first parturition in Horse

A

3-4+ years

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35
Q

Age at first parturition in Poultry

A

16-24 weeks

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36
Q

Age at first parturition in Swine

A

10-11 months

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37
Q

Age at first parturition in Dogs

A

8-26 months

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38
Q

Age at first parturition in Cats

A

6-20 months

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39
Q

Term for parturition in Cattle

A

Calving

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40
Q

Term for parturition in Goats

A

Kidding

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41
Q

Term for parturition in Sheep

A

Lambing

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42
Q

Term for parturition in Horses

A

Foaling

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43
Q

Term for parturition in Poultry

A

Laying

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44
Q

Term for parturition in Swine

A

Farrowing

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45
Q

Term for parturition in Dogs

A

Whelping

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46
Q

Term for parturition in Cats

A

Queening

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47
Q

Male Gonad

A

Testis

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48
Q

Male Gametogenesis

A

Sperm

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49
Q

Male Steroidogenesis

A

Testosterone

50
Q

Female Gonad

51
Q

Female Gametogenesis

A

Ovals (eggs)

52
Q

Female Steroidogenesis

53
Q

The males role

A

produce ample quantities of semen

produce sperm + seminal fluids

54
Q

Seek out receptive female

55
Q

Mount and Service

A

Structure- males have to be able to move

56
Q

Testicles major role

A

steroidogenesis- testostererone

Gametagenesis- sperm

57
Q

Scrotum

A

temperature regulation

-sperm need t be 4-6 degree Celsius below body temp

58
Q

Epididymis

A

sperm storage
sperm maturation
transport and concentration of semen

59
Q

Accessory Glands

A

Ampulla, Seminal Vesicles, Prostate, Bulbourethral Glands

60
Q

Accessory Glands Function

A

Provide nutrients

buffers to fluid to the sperm

61
Q

Vas Deferens

A

reproductive ducts from the testes and epididymis

62
Q

Penis function

A

copulation (sexual intercorse)

63
Q

Three type of penis

A

Fibroelastic‐Sigmoid
Vascular
Os

64
Q

Fibroelastic Penis (Sigmoid flexure)

A

S‐shaped retractor muscle

controls extension & retraction of the penis

65
Q

Animals with fibroelastic penis

A

Bull, Ram, Board

66
Q

Vascular Penis

A

Corpora Cavernosa- Engorges with blood to cause erection

67
Q

Animals with vascular penis

68
Q

Os Penis

A

Small bone to assist with erection

69
Q

Animals with Os penis

A

Found in dogs, cats & primates

70
Q

Ovaries

A

production of ovum, estrogen and progesterone

71
Q

Follicle

A

structure containing the egg

produce estrogen

72
Q

Corpus luteum (CL)

A

structure left after ovulation

produce progesterone

73
Q

Oviducts

A

site of fertilization

74
Q

How does an egg get to the oviduct

A

during ovulation, the ovary is going to release an egg, picked up by the infundibulum, run the egg down the oviduct

75
Q

Utures

A

implantation
nutrient exchange
embryonic to fetal development occurs

76
Q

What happens if implantation occurs in the oviduct

A

Fetus will develop, oviduct will eventually erupt causing the offspring and mother to die.

77
Q

Cervix

A

store and facilitate sperm transfer
- in some species it can be store up to 5 days
serves as a barrier during pregnancy

78
Q

Vagina

A

copulatory

service the birth canal

79
Q

Where does GnRH go

A

Into anterior pituitary

80
Q

GNRH target tissue

A

Into anterior pituitary

81
Q

Function of GnRH

A

stimulate release of FSH and LH

82
Q

What does FSH stimulate

A

stimulates follicular growth

83
Q

Function of FSH

A

stimulates follicular growth

84
Q

Where is LH (Luteinizing Hormone) produced

A

Anterior pituitary

85
Q

Function of LH

A

stimulate ovulation and maintenance of CL

86
Q

LH target tissue

A

Follicle and Corpus Leteum

87
Q

Where is estrogen produced

88
Q

Estrogen function

A

positive feedback to increase GnRH
growth and development of the uterus
responsible for estrus behavior
triggers LH release

89
Q

Estrogen tager tissue

A

Hypothalamus

90
Q

Where is progesterone produce

A

Corpus Luteum (CL)

91
Q

What does progesterone does

A

negative feedback on GnRH
continue LH production
maintains pregnancy
blocks follicle growth

92
Q

Where is Prostaglandin produce

93
Q

Function of prostaglandin

A

causes CL regression, which means that fertilization did not occur

94
Q

Progesterone target tissue

A

Uterus and Hypothalamus

95
Q

Where is Inhibin produced in females

96
Q

Function of Inhibin

A

Triggers LH

Negative feedback to regulate FSH in female and male

97
Q

FSH target tissue

98
Q

Inhibin target tissue

A

Anterior pituitary

99
Q

Hypothalamus produces _______, which stimulates the release of ____ inside the _____________. FSH is going to enter circulation and stimulate ____________ inside the _______. Follicles produce ________. Estrogen will stimulate _______ production, which will send _______ feedback to the anterior pituitary and eventually will cause a switch. Graafian follicle increases estrogen production which stimulates ___ surge. (The bigger the follicle, the more estrogen production, the more Inhibin negative feedback to the anterior pituitary causing a switch will then stop FSH and being producing LH). LH causes ________, which initiates the formation of __________. (Ovum is going to be release, picked up by the infundibulum, and go down the oviduct where remaining of follicle gets converted into CL). CL produces _________. Progesterone is going to feedback the __________ and the ________ and stop ______ production, resulting in a stable state of ___ production. This will allow a chance for fertilization to occur
If the ovary is successful in delivery a fertilized egg, this cycle will happen until parturition. If fertilization does not happen, the degrading egg will send a signal to the _____, which stimulates the release of __________, which will shuts down ___, allowing the cycle to start again.

A

GnRH, FSH, anterior pituitary, follicle growth, ovaries, estrogen, Inhibin, negative, LH, ovulation, Corpus Luteum, progesterone, hypothalamus, anterior pituitary, GnRH, LH, uterus, prostaglandin, CL.

100
Q

Stages of the Estrus cycle- Proestrus

A 
CL regression
Follicle growth (which increases estrogen)
101
Q

Stages of the Estrus cycle- Estrus

A

Causes behavioral change
Prepare uterus to receive embryo
(Estrogen is high, Inhibin is high causing a switch from FSH to LH) causing ovulation

102
Q

Stages of the Estrus cycle- Metestrus

A

Cessation of estrus

CL formation- producing progesterone

103
Q

Stages of the Estrus cycle- Diestrus

A

Functional CL Period- study state of progesterone production, which will happen indefinitely unit something breaks the cycle.

104
Q

Prepubertal anestrus

A

before puberty

105
Q

Gestational Anestrus

A

during pregnancy

106
Q

Postpartum Anestrus

A

after birth

107
Q

Lactational Anestrus

A

Swine- as long as their lactating they are not entering into estrus

108
Q

Nutritional (Anestrus)

A

If nutrient availability is low, some animals will not go into estrus.

109
Q

1) Development of Follicle
2) Secretion of LH
3) Development of CL
4) CL Regression

A

1) Blister forming- stimulated by FSH- produces estrogen
2) causes ovulation to occur
3) produces progesterone
4) prostaglandin

110
Q

Follicle Cyst

A

egg is not released
Nymphomanla

Fix with: Ovulation is caused by GnRH and LH, which causes the cycle

111
Q

Luteal Cysts

A

failure to regress Cl
gestational anestrous

Fix with: Prostaglandin

112
Q

Polyestrous Animals

A

multiple estrus cycles

Ex: Humans, cattle, pigs

113
Q

Monestrous animals

A

one estrus a year

Ex: canines, wolves, bears

114
Q

Induced Ovulators

A

estrus is initiated by copulation

Ex: cats

115
Q

Seasonal Polyestrous Animals

A

Short days: Sheet, goat, dears
Long Day: horses

Note: Melatonin is produced when is dark
Short days- melatonin stimulates GnRH
Long days: melatonin inhibits GnRH

116
Q

Need to Properly Match Male & Female

A 
Factors:
Genotype
Phenotype
Environment 
Breeding Season
117
Q

Mating Systems

A

Pasture Mating
Pen Mating
Hand Mating
Artificial Insemination (AI

118
Q

Estrus Synchronization

A

All Females Express Estrus at the Same Time

Administration of Reproductive Hormones
PGF2a-Regress CL
Progesterone-“Give and Take”
GnRH-Induces Follicle Turnover & Ovulation

119
Q

Parturition

A
  1. Relaxation of the Cervix
  2. Offspring Assume Position of Least Resistance
  3. Uterine Contractions
  4. Expel Fetus
  5. Expel “Afterbirth”
120
Q

What are the signs of ready for parturition

A

milk
solitary
nervousness

121
Q

Abnormal calf positions

A 
One limb back 
One limb retained
Head back 
Backwards 
Breech
Upside‐down
Transverse

Note: all of these are dystocia: difficult to give birth

Animal Science (13 decks)

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