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Nutrition Flashcards

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1
Q

Define nutrition

A

the study of how animals consume, digest, transport, metabolize, and excrete nutrients.

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2
Q

What is the ruminant’s digestive system composed of?

A

Composed of 1.Reticulum 2.Omasum 3.Rumen 4.Abomasum 5.Small intestine 6.Large intestine 7.Cecum

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3
Q

What do cattle eats

A

Byproducts that humans generate

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4
Q

What do you need to formulate a diet in ruminants

A

Energy and Nitrogen

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5
Q

What is the omasum (3rd compartment) in ruminant digestive system?

A

Absorption of water

  • manyplies
  • stockman’s bible
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6
Q

What is the abomasum in ruminant digestive system?

A

True stomach

-produces acid

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7
Q

Digestive system of the horse (elephant, rabbit)

A

Monogastric with functional cecum

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8
Q

Classification of the digestive system of horse

A

Nonruminant herbivore

-simple stomach yet available to digest forage

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9
Q

Where is the site of microbial fermentation in horses?

A

Cecum

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10
Q

Horses mouth will produce

A

fair amount of siliva (10gal/day)

-no salivary enzymes (amylase)

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11
Q

Amylase breaks down

A

Carbohydrates

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12
Q

Why is the horse’s esophagus problematic?

A

no reverse peristaltic contractions

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13
Q

What are the implications of having no peristaltic contractions?

A

Horse can’t throw up nor burp

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14
Q

Horse have relatively

A

small stomach for their size (3-4 gal)

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15
Q

What does a small stomach in a horse tells you about their behavior?

A

Horses have to eat lots of small meals throughout the day

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16
Q

Small intestine in horses have

A 
no gallbladder (stores bile- a fluid produce by the liver that helps break down fatty foods)
-secrete 300 ml/hr
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17
Q

Large intestine in horses is composed of

A
  • Cecum
  • small colon
  • large colon
  • rectumn
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18
Q

What happens in the cecum of a horse?

A

Absorption of votalite fatty acids
Synthesis of B-complex vitamins by microbes
Production of microbial proteins

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19
Q

Are B-complex vitamins absorb in horses? Where?

A

B vitamins are not absorb in the small intestine. However, there is some absorption of the B vitamins in the large intestine.

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20
Q

What part of the digestive track are vitamins absorb?

A

small intestine

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21
Q

Urea can be fed to cattle as a source of nitrogen. Assuming no palatability or toxitity issues, what would happen if urea was given to a horse?

A

Gut microbes convert it to microbial protein, but it is not absorbed.

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22
Q

What is coprophagy?

A

A behavior of an animal eating it’s own feces (because there is protein that they were not able to utilize before so this is an opportunity to recover those proteins).

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23
Q

Where are proteins broken down into amino acids and absorb?

A

Small intestine

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24
Q

What are the nutrients requirement

A

Age
Production
Body composition

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25
Q

Cost of nutrients

A

If feeding is a business expensive you have to consider how much you spend because you don’t want to be feeding excess cost if you don’t need to.

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26
Q

What are basic considerations when feeding livestock

A

Type of specie

Difference in digestive system

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27
Q

Basic feeding ruminants

A
  • No limiting amino acids (they need a diet balance in energy and nitrogen)
  • Vitamins consist of some B complex and K (produced by microbes) and A, D, E
  • Can feed high amounts of cellulose
  • Tremendous flexibility in what can be consumed.
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28
Q

What is DM?

A

Dry matter

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29
Q

What does DM refer to?

A

Water free portion

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30
Q

How much percentage of DM is found in grains?

A

70-95%

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31
Q

How much percentage of DM is found in forages?

A

5-95%

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32
Q

What is TDN?

A

Total digestible nutrients (energy)

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33
Q

What is CF?

A

Measure of our lowly digestive system

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34
Q

How to calculate protein (CP)

A

amount of nitrogen x 6.25

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35
Q

True protein refers?

A

actual amino acid composition

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36
Q

What is NPN? Give an example?

A

non-protein nitrogen

Ex: uria

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37
Q

Which of the typical rumen volatile fatty acids normally is present in the greatest quantity in the rumen?

A

Acetic

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38
Q

Dry Forages

A

Contains:

  • More than 18% crude fiber
  • More than 85% DM
  • Low in energy
  • Ex: Stalks, Straw, Hay
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39
Q

Fresh Forages

A

Contains:

  • High in moisture, 5-20% DM
  • High CF
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40
Q

Silage

A 
Does not grow all year around
Contains: 
-Forage crops (whole plant)
-Preserved by fermentation under anaerobic conditions
-30-60% DM
Ex: Corn silage, haylage
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41
Q

Animal Sources

A
  • Meat meal
  • Blood meal
  • Feather meal
  • Dry wheat or milk
  • NPN- uria (281% CP)
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42
Q

What are other classes of feedstuff?

A
  • Protein supplements
  • Plant sources
  • Animal Sources
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43
Q

Why do we care about nutrition?

A

Because it makes 45-75% of the cost of production

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44
Q

What does nutrition affect?

A
  1. Overall health
  2. Physical ability/performances
  3. Reproduction
  4. Diseases susceptibility/Recovery
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45
Q

What are the four types of nutrients?

A
  1. Dietary nonessential
  2. Dietary essential
  3. Macronutrients
  4. Micronutrients
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46
Q

Dietary nonessential

A

Things we don’t need but doesn’t mean we can’t consume it.

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47
Q

Dietary essential

A

Things that must come in diet

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48
Q

Macronutrients

A

Things we need in high abundance

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49
Q

Micronutrients

A

Things we need in trace amounts

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50
Q

What are the macronutrients that livestock need to consume?

A
  1. Protein
  2. Carbohydrates/
  3. Fats
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51
Q

What are the micronutrients that livestock need to consume?

A
  1. Water
  2. Minerals
  3. Vitamin
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52
Q

Which nutrients can be used as a source of energy?

A
  1. Protein
  2. Carbohydrates
  3. Fat/lipid
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53
Q

What do we use water for?

A
  1. Transport
  2. Osmotic pressure
  3. Cellular function
  4. Temperature regulation
  5. Joint lubrication
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54
Q

How much water do swine needs?

A

1/2-4 gal/day

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55
Q

How much water to horses need?

A

10-14 gal/day

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56
Q

How much water to cows need?

A

10-40 gal/day

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57
Q

How much water do sheep need?

A

1-3 gal/day

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58
Q

What are carbohydrates made of?

A

Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen

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59
Q

Why are carbohydrates the highest cost of production?

A

Mostly because it takes to make up the largest component/ largest percentage of the total diet

60
Q

What is the primary function of carbohydrates?

A

Energy

61
Q

What are the two types of carbohydrates?

A

Simple sugars
Starch
Cellulose

62
Q

What are simple sugars? Give an example

A

very easy for our bodies to break it down; very easy to digest
Ex: glucose, fructose, maltose

63
Q

What are starch made of?

A 
alpha bonds
(our bodies can break down alpha bonds)
64
Q

What are cellulose made of?

A 
beta bonds
(in most cases, our bodies don’t have the enzymes to make beta bonds)
65
Q

What is the difference between starch and cellulose

A

the type of linkage that connects them

66
Q

What are protein composed of?

A

long chains of amino acids

67
Q

What are the big components of protein?

A
  1. Structure
  2. Body metabolites
  3. Enzymes
  4. Hormones
68
Q

Amino acid requirement depends?

A

On age and use of particular animal

69
Q

What are essential amino acids?

A

Must come through diet because our body can’t synthesize nor have the enzymes to make it.

70
Q

What are nonessential amino acids?

A

Body can synthesize

71
Q

Are you require to consume carbohydrates?

A

No

72
Q

What is the difference between carbohydrates and proteins?

A

protein contain nitrogen

73
Q

How would you figure out the protein composition of a feedstuff?

A

Measure nitrogen

74
Q

What are the 10 amino acids?

A
  1. Phenylalanine
  2. Valine
  3. Tryptophan
  4. Threonine
  5. Isoleucine
  6. Methionine
  7. Histidine
  8. Arginine
  9. Leucine
  10. Lysine
75
Q

Liebig barrel

A

It’s not the protein content of the food, it’s what the amino acid profile of it and how well it meets your requirement.

76
Q

Which are essential amino acids for monogastric?

A

Lysine and Leucine

77
Q

What is CP?

A

Crude protein

78
Q

What is the purpose of conduction the crude protein (CP) analysis?

A

The CP analysis is conducted to determine the amount of nitrogen stored

79
Q

How much % of nitrogen does protein have?

A

16% nitrogen

80
Q

How to calculate the percentage of CP?

A

multiply nitrogen by 6.25

81
Q

What is true protein?

A

looks at the amino acid composition

82
Q

What are the function of fats and lipids?

A
  1. Energy
  2. Cell structure
  3. Production of hormones
  4. Carry fat soluble vitamins
83
Q

Why are crude proteins and true proteins important?

A

Ruminants use microbes to synthesize all amino acids, but other species must be fed in order to meet their amino acid requirements.

84
Q

What are some sources of fat?

A
  • Tallow
  • Lard
  • Poultry fat
  • Vegetable oils
85
Q

What are the two essential fatty acids?

A
  • Linoleic acid (omega 6)

* Linolenic acid (omega 3)

86
Q

What are vitamins?

A

Organic nutrients needed in small amounts

87
Q

What are the two classifications of vitamins?

A

Fat soluble and water soluble

88
Q

What are the fat soluble vitamins? What are they used for?

A

A, D, E, K

Needed for vision, blood clothing, bone development

89
Q

What are the water soluble vitamins? What are they used for?

A

C, B complex

Body metabolic functions

90
Q

For most non-ruminants, vitamins should?

A

All vitamins should be supplied in diet

91
Q

For ruminants, vitamins…

A
  • Have some ability to produce some of the vitamins (they can produce all the water soluble vitamins because they have microbial activity).
  • Able to produce vitamin K
  • Everything else must come in supplement or diet.
92
Q

What are minerals?

A

Inorganic compounds

93
Q

What are the macro-minerals?

A

Ca, P, Cl, K, Na, Mg, S

94
Q

What are the micro-minerals?

A

Fe, Cu, Se, Zn, Mn, I, Co, Mo, Ni, Cr

95
Q

What are the determinants of essential nutrient requirements?

A
  • Maintenance (first piece of energy needed for basic functions)
  • Growth
  • Finishing (fattering)
  • Performance work
  • Reproduction
  • Lactation
96
Q

What is digestion?

A

Reducing food particle size and preparing of nutrients for absorption

97
Q

What are the different kinds of digestion?

A

Mechanical, Chemical, Microbial, and Enzematic

98
Q

What is mechanical digestion?

A

physical breakdown

99
Q

What is chemical digestion?

A

use of enzymes and acids

100
Q

What is maintenance?

A

Energy needed for basic function

No change in weight

101
Q

What is microbial digestion?

A

use bacterial enzymes to break down more complex substances

102
Q

What are the basic components of all digestive systems?

A
  • Mouth
  • Salivary gland
  • Esophagus
  • Stomach
  • Small intestine
  • Large intestine
103
Q

What is the function of the mouth?

A
  • Prehension (taking in food)

- Mastication (chewing)

104
Q

What are the three main parts of the salivary glands?

A

Parotid gland
Submandibular gland
Sublingual gland

105
Q

What is the function of the salivary gland?

A
  • Solvent
  • Cleanse the mouth (due to lysozyme)
  • Buffer action
106
Q

What is the function of the esophagus?

A
  • Deglutition (swallowing)

- Form bolus and then swallow

107
Q

How do species differ in chewing?

A

Generally, the mouth structure of animals tell you about the food they eat/eating behavior

108
Q

What is the function of the stomach? What is the ph?

A

Produce acid, specifically hydrochloric acid

- pH of 2

109
Q

T/F Cows have 4 stomach

A

False. Cows, like other species have a single stomach with different compartments. (cows have 4 compartments)

110
Q

What does deglutition result from

A

muscular actions called peristalsis (contraction and relaxation of muscles)

111
Q

What is the main function of the small intestine?

A
  • Absorption

- Enzyme activity

112
Q

Name three enzyme activities in the stomach

A
  1. Bile (liver)- neutralize stomach acids, helps digest (breakdown) lipids
  2. Pancreatic juices- neutralize stomach acids, proteases (that further breakdown protein into their amino acids)
  3. Villi (looks that way because of surface area- try to maximize surface area to absorb nutrients)
113
Q

What does the small intestine absorb?

A
  • Amino acids
  • Sugar
  • Vitamins
114
Q

What are the three components of the small intestine?

A
  1. Duodenum
  2. Jejunum
  3. Ileum
115
Q

What is the function of the large intestine?

A

Varying degree of bacterial digestion (microbial digestion)

116
Q

What are the major components of the large intestine

A
  1. Cecum
  2. Colon
  3. Rectum
117
Q

What does the large intestine absorb

A
  • Water
  • Electrolytes
  • Volatile fatty acids
  • Some vitamins
118
Q

What are the types of digestive systems?

A
  • Monogastric
  • Monogastric with a functional cecum
  • Ruminant
119
Q

T/F Swine and chickens have monogastric digestive system

A

True

120
Q

T/F Horses and rabbits have monogastric digestive system

A

False. Horses and rabbits have monogastric with functional cecum digestive system

121
Q

T/F Cows, sheep, and goats have ruminant digestive system with 3 compartments

A

False. Cows, sheep, and goats have ruminant digestive system with 4 compartments

122
Q

T/F Large intestine of horses makes up 30% of the GI track

A

False. Horse’s large intestine makes up 60% of GI track

123
Q

What is the function of the small intestine in ruminant digestive system?

A

Absorption

124
Q

What is the function of the large intestine in ruminant digestive system?

A

Microbial digestion

125
Q

What is the function of the mouth in ruminants?

A
  • Reduce particle size

- Initial mastication (chewing)

126
Q

What is the function of the reticulum in ruminants?

A

Forming bolus

127
Q

What is the function of rumination?

A
  • Regurgitation ( kick up a bolus)
  • Remastication (re-chew it)
  • Reinsalivation (add more saliva, adding buffering)
  • Redeglutition (re-swollowing)
128
Q

Describe the rumen?

A

The rumen is also called the “Paunch”
Has 50 gallon capacity

Physical mixing

Fermentation chamber, so we got microbial breakdown

the result is thet we are going to get volatile fatty acid
microbial protein
some vitamins

129
Q

T/F If we have energy and protein, microbes will convert into the protein and vitamins that ruminant need.

A

True

130
Q

T/F All the sugar and energy in ruminant is produce as volatile fatty acid

A

True

131
Q

What are the three volatile fatty acid in ruminant

A
  1. Acetate
  2. Propionate
  3. Butynate
132
Q

T/F Cows absorb sugar

A

False. The microbes consume the sugar and the cows get their energy from volatile fatty acids

133
Q

T/F Some volatile fatty acid will be absorb in the rumen in ruminants

A

True

134
Q

What are the products of a ruminant?

A

Microbial protein and volatile fatty acids

135
Q

What are the classes of feedstuff?

A

Concentrates, Starch, Grains and Byproducst

Ex: Corn, Milo, Citrus pulp, Molases

136
Q

What are more classes of feedstuff?

A
  • Mineral supplements
  • Dicalcium phosphate
  • Limestone
  • Salt blocks
  • Mineral blocks/ premix
  • Vitamin supplements
137
Q

What are the available feedstuff?

A
  • Nutrient content
  • Cost
  • Limiting factors
  • Least cost formulation3
138
Q

Food Safety Modernization Act

A

Signed into law in January 2011

139
Q

Preventing Control for Animal Food

A

Facilitates that process, pack or hold animal must design and implement food safety plan such as:

  • Current Good manufacturing practices
  • Hazard analysis
  • Preventing controls if necessary
140
Q

FDA

A

oversees auditing

141
Q

Buffer action in ruminants

A

Sodium bicarbonate comes up through saliva and ferments acid built up

142
Q

Body conditioning scoring

A 
Monitors the adequacy of nutrition program 
Scores: 1-9
1 = emaciated
5 = moderate
9 = obese
143
Q

Normal consumption in cows?

A

2-3% of BW in DM

144
Q

Monogastric nutrients requirement

A 
Proteins- Amino acids
Fatty Acids
Micro and Macro Minerals
Vitamins
Water
145
Q

What are the most limiting amino acids in monogastrics?

A

lysine and methionine

146
Q

Why to we ought to limit nitrogen and phosphorus excrete?

A

We need to consider the environment

Animal Science (13 decks)

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