Nutrition Flashcards
Define nutrition
the study of how animals consume, digest, transport, metabolize, and excrete nutrients.
What is the ruminant’s digestive system composed of?
Composed of 1.Reticulum 2.Omasum 3.Rumen 4.Abomasum 5.Small intestine 6.Large intestine 7.Cecum
What do cattle eats
Byproducts that humans generate
What do you need to formulate a diet in ruminants
Energy and Nitrogen
What is the omasum (3rd compartment) in ruminant digestive system?
Absorption of water
- manyplies
- stockman’s bible
What is the abomasum in ruminant digestive system?
True stomach
-produces acid
Digestive system of the horse (elephant, rabbit)
Monogastric with functional cecum
Classification of the digestive system of horse
Nonruminant herbivore
-simple stomach yet available to digest forage
Where is the site of microbial fermentation in horses?
Cecum
Horses mouth will produce
fair amount of siliva (10gal/day)
-no salivary enzymes (amylase)
Amylase breaks down
Carbohydrates
Why is the horse’s esophagus problematic?
no reverse peristaltic contractions
What are the implications of having no peristaltic contractions?
Horse can’t throw up nor burp
Horse have relatively
small stomach for their size (3-4 gal)
What does a small stomach in a horse tells you about their behavior?
Horses have to eat lots of small meals throughout the day
Small intestine in horses have
no gallbladder (stores bile- a fluid produce by the liver that helps break down fatty foods) -secrete 300 ml/hr
Large intestine in horses is composed of
- Cecum
- small colon
- large colon
- rectumn
What happens in the cecum of a horse?
Absorption of votalite fatty acids
Synthesis of B-complex vitamins by microbes
Production of microbial proteins
Are B-complex vitamins absorb in horses? Where?
B vitamins are not absorb in the small intestine. However, there is some absorption of the B vitamins in the large intestine.
What part of the digestive track are vitamins absorb?
small intestine
Urea can be fed to cattle as a source of nitrogen. Assuming no palatability or toxitity issues, what would happen if urea was given to a horse?
Gut microbes convert it to microbial protein, but it is not absorbed.
What is coprophagy?
A behavior of an animal eating it’s own feces (because there is protein that they were not able to utilize before so this is an opportunity to recover those proteins).
Where are proteins broken down into amino acids and absorb?
Small intestine
What are the nutrients requirement
Age
Production
Body composition
Cost of nutrients
If feeding is a business expensive you have to consider how much you spend because you don’t want to be feeding excess cost if you don’t need to.
What are basic considerations when feeding livestock
Type of specie
Difference in digestive system
Basic feeding ruminants
- No limiting amino acids (they need a diet balance in energy and nitrogen)
- Vitamins consist of some B complex and K (produced by microbes) and A, D, E
- Can feed high amounts of cellulose
- Tremendous flexibility in what can be consumed.
What is DM?
Dry matter
What does DM refer to?
Water free portion
How much percentage of DM is found in grains?
70-95%
How much percentage of DM is found in forages?
5-95%
What is TDN?
Total digestible nutrients (energy)
What is CF?
Measure of our lowly digestive system
How to calculate protein (CP)
amount of nitrogen x 6.25
True protein refers?
actual amino acid composition
What is NPN? Give an example?
non-protein nitrogen
Ex: uria
Which of the typical rumen volatile fatty acids normally is present in the greatest quantity in the rumen?
Acetic
Dry Forages
Contains:
- More than 18% crude fiber
- More than 85% DM
- Low in energy
- Ex: Stalks, Straw, Hay
Fresh Forages
Contains:
- High in moisture, 5-20% DM
- High CF
Silage
Does not grow all year around Contains: -Forage crops (whole plant) -Preserved by fermentation under anaerobic conditions -30-60% DM Ex: Corn silage, haylage
Animal Sources
- Meat meal
- Blood meal
- Feather meal
- Dry wheat or milk
- NPN- uria (281% CP)
What are other classes of feedstuff?
- Protein supplements
- Plant sources
- Animal Sources
Why do we care about nutrition?
Because it makes 45-75% of the cost of production
What does nutrition affect?
- Overall health
- Physical ability/performances
- Reproduction
- Diseases susceptibility/Recovery
What are the four types of nutrients?
- Dietary nonessential
- Dietary essential
- Macronutrients
- Micronutrients
Dietary nonessential
Things we don’t need but doesn’t mean we can’t consume it.
Dietary essential
Things that must come in diet
Macronutrients
Things we need in high abundance
Micronutrients
Things we need in trace amounts
What are the macronutrients that livestock need to consume?
- Protein
- Carbohydrates/
- Fats
What are the micronutrients that livestock need to consume?
- Water
- Minerals
- Vitamin
Which nutrients can be used as a source of energy?
- Protein
- Carbohydrates
- Fat/lipid
What do we use water for?
- Transport
- Osmotic pressure
- Cellular function
- Temperature regulation
- Joint lubrication
How much water do swine needs?
1/2-4 gal/day
How much water to horses need?
10-14 gal/day
How much water to cows need?
10-40 gal/day
How much water do sheep need?
1-3 gal/day
What are carbohydrates made of?
Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen
Why are carbohydrates the highest cost of production?
Mostly because it takes to make up the largest component/ largest percentage of the total diet
What is the primary function of carbohydrates?
Energy
What are the two types of carbohydrates?
Simple sugars
Starch
Cellulose
What are simple sugars? Give an example
very easy for our bodies to break it down; very easy to digest
Ex: glucose, fructose, maltose
What are starch made of?
alpha bonds (our bodies can break down alpha bonds)
What are cellulose made of?
beta bonds (in most cases, our bodies don’t have the enzymes to make beta bonds)
What is the difference between starch and cellulose
the type of linkage that connects them
What are protein composed of?
long chains of amino acids
What are the big components of protein?
- Structure
- Body metabolites
- Enzymes
- Hormones
Amino acid requirement depends?
On age and use of particular animal
What are essential amino acids?
Must come through diet because our body can’t synthesize nor have the enzymes to make it.
What are nonessential amino acids?
Body can synthesize
Are you require to consume carbohydrates?
No
What is the difference between carbohydrates and proteins?
protein contain nitrogen
How would you figure out the protein composition of a feedstuff?
Measure nitrogen
What are the 10 amino acids?
- Phenylalanine
- Valine
- Tryptophan
- Threonine
- Isoleucine
- Methionine
- Histidine
- Arginine
- Leucine
- Lysine
Liebig barrel
It’s not the protein content of the food, it’s what the amino acid profile of it and how well it meets your requirement.
Which are essential amino acids for monogastric?
Lysine and Leucine
What is CP?
Crude protein
What is the purpose of conduction the crude protein (CP) analysis?
The CP analysis is conducted to determine the amount of nitrogen stored
How much % of nitrogen does protein have?
16% nitrogen
How to calculate the percentage of CP?
multiply nitrogen by 6.25
What is true protein?
looks at the amino acid composition
What are the function of fats and lipids?
- Energy
- Cell structure
- Production of hormones
- Carry fat soluble vitamins
Why are crude proteins and true proteins important?
Ruminants use microbes to synthesize all amino acids, but other species must be fed in order to meet their amino acid requirements.
What are some sources of fat?
- Tallow
- Lard
- Poultry fat
- Vegetable oils
What are the two essential fatty acids?
- Linoleic acid (omega 6)
* Linolenic acid (omega 3)
What are vitamins?
Organic nutrients needed in small amounts
What are the two classifications of vitamins?
Fat soluble and water soluble
What are the fat soluble vitamins? What are they used for?
A, D, E, K
Needed for vision, blood clothing, bone development
What are the water soluble vitamins? What are they used for?
C, B complex
Body metabolic functions
For most non-ruminants, vitamins should?
All vitamins should be supplied in diet
For ruminants, vitamins…
- Have some ability to produce some of the vitamins (they can produce all the water soluble vitamins because they have microbial activity).
- Able to produce vitamin K
- Everything else must come in supplement or diet.
What are minerals?
Inorganic compounds
What are the macro-minerals?
Ca, P, Cl, K, Na, Mg, S
What are the micro-minerals?
Fe, Cu, Se, Zn, Mn, I, Co, Mo, Ni, Cr
What are the determinants of essential nutrient requirements?
- Maintenance (first piece of energy needed for basic functions)
- Growth
- Finishing (fattering)
- Performance work
- Reproduction
- Lactation
What is digestion?
Reducing food particle size and preparing of nutrients for absorption
What are the different kinds of digestion?
Mechanical, Chemical, Microbial, and Enzematic
What is mechanical digestion?
physical breakdown
What is chemical digestion?
use of enzymes and acids
What is maintenance?
Energy needed for basic function
No change in weight
What is microbial digestion?
use bacterial enzymes to break down more complex substances
What are the basic components of all digestive systems?
- Mouth
- Salivary gland
- Esophagus
- Stomach
- Small intestine
- Large intestine
What is the function of the mouth?
- Prehension (taking in food)
- Mastication (chewing)
What are the three main parts of the salivary glands?
Parotid gland
Submandibular gland
Sublingual gland
What is the function of the salivary gland?
- Solvent
- Cleanse the mouth (due to lysozyme)
- Buffer action
What is the function of the esophagus?
- Deglutition (swallowing)
- Form bolus and then swallow
How do species differ in chewing?
Generally, the mouth structure of animals tell you about the food they eat/eating behavior
What is the function of the stomach? What is the ph?
Produce acid, specifically hydrochloric acid
- pH of 2
T/F Cows have 4 stomach
False. Cows, like other species have a single stomach with different compartments. (cows have 4 compartments)
What does deglutition result from
muscular actions called peristalsis (contraction and relaxation of muscles)
What is the main function of the small intestine?
- Absorption
- Enzyme activity
Name three enzyme activities in the stomach
- Bile (liver)- neutralize stomach acids, helps digest (breakdown) lipids
- Pancreatic juices- neutralize stomach acids, proteases (that further breakdown protein into their amino acids)
- Villi (looks that way because of surface area- try to maximize surface area to absorb nutrients)
What does the small intestine absorb?
- Amino acids
- Sugar
- Vitamins
What are the three components of the small intestine?
- Duodenum
- Jejunum
- Ileum
What is the function of the large intestine?
Varying degree of bacterial digestion (microbial digestion)
What are the major components of the large intestine
- Cecum
- Colon
- Rectum
What does the large intestine absorb
- Water
- Electrolytes
- Volatile fatty acids
- Some vitamins
What are the types of digestive systems?
- Monogastric
- Monogastric with a functional cecum
- Ruminant
T/F Swine and chickens have monogastric digestive system
True
T/F Horses and rabbits have monogastric digestive system
False. Horses and rabbits have monogastric with functional cecum digestive system
T/F Cows, sheep, and goats have ruminant digestive system with 3 compartments
False. Cows, sheep, and goats have ruminant digestive system with 4 compartments
T/F Large intestine of horses makes up 30% of the GI track
False. Horse’s large intestine makes up 60% of GI track
What is the function of the small intestine in ruminant digestive system?
Absorption
What is the function of the large intestine in ruminant digestive system?
Microbial digestion
What is the function of the mouth in ruminants?
- Reduce particle size
- Initial mastication (chewing)
What is the function of the reticulum in ruminants?
Forming bolus
What is the function of rumination?
- Regurgitation ( kick up a bolus)
- Remastication (re-chew it)
- Reinsalivation (add more saliva, adding buffering)
- Redeglutition (re-swollowing)
Describe the rumen?
The rumen is also called the “Paunch”
Has 50 gallon capacity
Physical mixing
Fermentation chamber, so we got microbial breakdown
the result is thet we are going to get volatile fatty acid
microbial protein
some vitamins
T/F If we have energy and protein, microbes will convert into the protein and vitamins that ruminant need.
True
T/F All the sugar and energy in ruminant is produce as volatile fatty acid
True
What are the three volatile fatty acid in ruminant
- Acetate
- Propionate
- Butynate
T/F Cows absorb sugar
False. The microbes consume the sugar and the cows get their energy from volatile fatty acids
T/F Some volatile fatty acid will be absorb in the rumen in ruminants
True
What are the products of a ruminant?
Microbial protein and volatile fatty acids
What are the classes of feedstuff?
Concentrates, Starch, Grains and Byproducst
Ex: Corn, Milo, Citrus pulp, Molases
What are more classes of feedstuff?
- Mineral supplements
- Dicalcium phosphate
- Limestone
- Salt blocks
- Mineral blocks/ premix
- Vitamin supplements
What are the available feedstuff?
- Nutrient content
- Cost
- Limiting factors
- Least cost formulation3
Food Safety Modernization Act
Signed into law in January 2011
Preventing Control for Animal Food
Facilitates that process, pack or hold animal must design and implement food safety plan such as:
- Current Good manufacturing practices
- Hazard analysis
- Preventing controls if necessary
FDA
oversees auditing
Buffer action in ruminants
Sodium bicarbonate comes up through saliva and ferments acid built up
Body conditioning scoring
Monitors the adequacy of nutrition program Scores: 1-9 1 = emaciated 5 = moderate 9 = obese
Normal consumption in cows?
2-3% of BW in DM
Monogastric nutrients requirement
Proteins- Amino acids Fatty Acids Micro and Macro Minerals Vitamins Water
What are the most limiting amino acids in monogastrics?
lysine and methionine
Why to we ought to limit nitrogen and phosphorus excrete?
We need to consider the environment
