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Genetics Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Genetics

A

transfer of genes from one generation to the next

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2
Q

Animal breeding

A

applied science-mating to produce a desirable offspring

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3
Q

Genomics

A

basic science- mechanism

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4
Q

Chromosome

A

structural unit of DNA

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5
Q

Haploid

A

1N- 1/2 DNA

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6
Q

Diploid

A

2N- full DNA

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7
Q

Number of chromosomes in humans

A

46

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8
Q

Number of chromosomes in Cattle

A

60

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9
Q

Number of chromosomes in Horses

A

64

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10
Q

Number of chromosomes in Swine

A

38

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11
Q

Number of chromosomes in Sheep

A

54

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12
Q

Number of chromosomes in Goat

A

60

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13
Q

Number of chromosomes in Chicken

A

78

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14
Q

DNA

A

Deoxyribonucleic acid

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15
Q

Gene

A

single unit of DNA

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16
Q

Genotype

A

genetic composition

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17
Q

Phenotype

A

expressed composition

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18
Q

A

A

Adenine

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19
Q

T

A

Thymine

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20
Q

C

A

Cytosine

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21
Q

G

A

Guanine

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22
Q

_____ replaces thymidine in RNA (T=U)

A

Uracil

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23
Q

A codon is

A

3 nucleotides

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24
Q

The start of a colon is

A

AUG

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25
Q

Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs)

A 
Errors during DNA replication can result in omitted, substituted, or extra base pairs
◦ Stop codon
◦ Phase shift
◦ Altered function 
◦ No difference
“A lot of mutations you will never see"
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26
Q

Homozygous

A

Identical

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27
Q

Heterozygous

A

Disimilar

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28
Q

Dominant traits

A

one allele is always expressed

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29
Q

Replication

A

DNA makes copy of itself

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30
Q

Recessive

A

only show their effect if the individual has two copies otherwise is masked

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31
Q

Difference between DNA and mRNA

A

DNA is double stranded DNA uses Thymine

mRNA is single stranded mRNA uses Uracil

32
Q

Transcription

A

segment of DNA is copied into RNA

33
Q

Translation

A

mRNA is translated into a protein

34
Q

Central Dogma of Life

A

DNA - RNA - Protein

Transcription Translation

35
Q

Dominant traits in cattle

A

Polled
White face
Solid Color

36
Q

Recessive traits in cattle

A

Horned
solid color in face
irregular color

37
Q

Dominant traits in horse

A

Black base color

chestnut mane

38
Q

Recessive traits in horse

A

chestnut base color

flaxen mane

39
Q

Dominant traits in chicken

A

Feathered shanks

Dominant white

40
Q

Recessive traits in chicken

A

Clean shanks

recessive white

41
Q

Dominant traits in sheep

A

Brown Eyes

white wool

42
Q

Recessive traits in sheep

A

blue eyes

black wool

43
Q

Codominance

A

both traits are expressed

44
Q

Quantitative Traits

A 
Can measure phenotype but cannot determine specific genotype 
affected by many genes
environmental influence 
continuous variation
economic importance
45
Q

Qualitative traits

A

affected by one or few genes

little environmental influence

46
Q

Quantitative Traits Examples

A

weight
milk production
fertility
any performance metric - rate of gain, speed

47
Q

Selection is based on _______. Changes population slowly over time

A

phenotype

48
Q

Why is selection important

A

Important tool for genetic improvement

49
Q

Selection is

A

selecting for favorable mating and prohibiting unfavorable

50
Q

Heritability

% of the __________ that is genetic and ___________ from parents to ________

Ranges from _______

It’s an _________

A

phenotypic, transmitted, progeny
0 - 100%
estimate

51
Q

What is a breed

A

Animals of common origin

  • have common characteristics
  • are bred to pass traits
  • bred associations
  • politics (there has to be enough interest to buy a bred)
52
Q

Types of operation

Seed stock-

Commercial-

A

genetic selection (targeting the future of the industry)

expand and utilize those genetics

53
Q

Expected Progeny Difference (EPD)

A

amount by which the average progeny is expected to exceed the average of the herd or population

54
Q 
EPDs
Our best tool for \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 
Used to compare \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Available for \_\_\_\_\_, \_\_\_\_\_, and \_\_\_\_\_ 
Theoretical average = \_\_
A

genetic selection
genetic potential
cattle, sheep, swine
zero (0)

55
Q

_______ Holstein cows imported from the Netherlands, ending in 1905 due to __________

A

10,000

Hoof‐ and‐Mouth

56
Q

DNA has _____ helix structure

A

double

57
Q

DNA is made up of __________

A

nucleotides

58
Q

Nucleotides are made up of ______, __________, and _____________.

A

Sugar, phosphate and nitrogenous base

59
Q 
Nitrogenous base are 
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ (A)
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ (T)
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ (C)
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ (G)
A

◦ Adenine
◦ Thymine
◦ Cytosine
◦ Guanine

60
Q

Important considerations when using EPDs

A

Resources
Must consider pairing
Avoid relying on single traits
What direction should we go to get the offspring we want to produce

61
Q

______ Holstein cows imported from the Netherlands, ending in 1905 due to __________

A

10,000, Hoof‐ and‐Mouth

62
Q

Osborndale Ivanhoe was responsible for BLAD (Bovine Leucocyte Adhesion deficiency) resulted in

A

death in all homozygous animals

63
Q

Toy Story has produced over __________ units of semen

A

two million

64
Q

Straight breeding

A

mating animals of the same breed

65
Q

Crossbreeding

A

mating animals of different breed

66
Q

Composites

A

meant to combined specific traits

67
Q

Hybrids ‐‐ used in the swine and poultry industry

A

genetic lines specifically selected

68
Q

Why Crossbreed

A

Breed complementation- match strength and weaknesses

69
Q

Heterosis

A

progeny shows qualities superior than parents

70
Q

Relationship b/w Heterosis and Heritability

A

as one increases the other decreases

71
Q

Inbreeding

A

breeding closely related individuals

72
Q

What are we trying to do with inbreeding

A

trying to reduce variation of specific genes

73
Q

Line breeding

A

outstanding individual

74
Q

Rotational Crossbreeding (2-3 breeds)

A

trying to maximize heterosis

75
Q

Terminal

A

all progeny go to market

buy in breeding stock

76
Q

What is the goal of Terminal crossbreeding program

A

growth and carcass traits

77
Q

Why use breeds when you can use crossbreds?

A

Breeds have specific traits which allows us to predict what the offspring is going to look like if we cross them. Whereas if I cross two crossbreds, there is higher variation on how those traits may show on the offspring.

Animal Science (13 decks)

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