Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Animal Science > Genetics > Flashcards

Genetics Flashcards

1
Q

Genetics

A

transfer of genes from one generation to the next

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Animal breeding

A

applied science-mating to produce a desirable offspring

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Genomics

A

basic science- mechanism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Chromosome

A

structural unit of DNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Haploid

A

1N- 1/2 DNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Diploid

A

2N- full DNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Number of chromosomes in humans

A

46

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Number of chromosomes in Cattle

A

60

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Number of chromosomes in Horses

A

64

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Number of chromosomes in Swine

A

38

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Number of chromosomes in Sheep

A

54

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Number of chromosomes in Goat

A

60

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Number of chromosomes in Chicken

A

78

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

DNA

A

Deoxyribonucleic acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Gene

A

single unit of DNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Genotype

A

genetic composition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Phenotype

A

expressed composition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

A

A

Adenine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

T

A

Thymine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

C

A

Cytosine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

G

A

Guanine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

_____ replaces thymidine in RNA (T=U)

A

Uracil

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

A codon is

A

3 nucleotides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

The start of a colon is

A

AUG

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs)

A 
Errors during DNA replication can result in omitted, substituted, or extra base pairs
◦ Stop codon
◦ Phase shift
◦ Altered function 
◦ No difference
“A lot of mutations you will never see"
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Homozygous

A

Identical

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Heterozygous

A

Disimilar

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Dominant traits

A

one allele is always expressed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Replication

A

DNA makes copy of itself

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Recessive

A

only show their effect if the individual has two copies otherwise is masked

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Difference between DNA and mRNA

A

DNA is double stranded DNA uses Thymine

mRNA is single stranded mRNA uses Uracil

32
Q

Transcription

A

segment of DNA is copied into RNA

33
Q

Translation

A

mRNA is translated into a protein

34
Q

Central Dogma of Life

A

DNA - RNA - Protein

Transcription Translation

35
Q

Dominant traits in cattle

A

Polled
White face
Solid Color

36
Q

Recessive traits in cattle

A

Horned
solid color in face
irregular color

37
Q

Dominant traits in horse

A

Black base color

chestnut mane

38
Q

Recessive traits in horse

A

chestnut base color

flaxen mane

39
Q

Dominant traits in chicken

A

Feathered shanks

Dominant white

40
Q

Recessive traits in chicken

A

Clean shanks

recessive white

41
Q

Dominant traits in sheep

A

Brown Eyes

white wool

42
Q

Recessive traits in sheep

A

blue eyes

black wool

43
Q

Codominance

A

both traits are expressed

44
Q

Quantitative Traits

A 
Can measure phenotype but cannot determine specific genotype 
affected by many genes
environmental influence 
continuous variation
economic importance
45
Q

Qualitative traits

A

affected by one or few genes

little environmental influence

46
Q

Quantitative Traits Examples

A

weight
milk production
fertility
any performance metric - rate of gain, speed

47
Q

Selection is based on _______. Changes population slowly over time

A

phenotype

48
Q

Why is selection important

A

Important tool for genetic improvement

49
Q

Selection is

A

selecting for favorable mating and prohibiting unfavorable

50
Q

Heritability

% of the __________ that is genetic and ___________ from parents to ________

Ranges from _______

It’s an _________

A

phenotypic, transmitted, progeny
0 - 100%
estimate

51
Q

What is a breed

A

Animals of common origin

  • have common characteristics
  • are bred to pass traits
  • bred associations
  • politics (there has to be enough interest to buy a bred)
52
Q

Types of operation

Seed stock-

Commercial-

A

genetic selection (targeting the future of the industry)

expand and utilize those genetics

53
Q

Expected Progeny Difference (EPD)

A

amount by which the average progeny is expected to exceed the average of the herd or population

54
Q 
EPDs
Our best tool for \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 
Used to compare \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Available for \_\_\_\_\_, \_\_\_\_\_, and \_\_\_\_\_ 
Theoretical average = \_\_
A

genetic selection
genetic potential
cattle, sheep, swine
zero (0)

55
Q

_______ Holstein cows imported from the Netherlands, ending in 1905 due to __________

A

10,000

Hoof‐ and‐Mouth

56
Q

DNA has _____ helix structure

A

double

57
Q

DNA is made up of __________

A

nucleotides

58
Q

Nucleotides are made up of ______, __________, and _____________.

A

Sugar, phosphate and nitrogenous base

59
Q 
Nitrogenous base are 
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ (A)
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ (T)
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ (C)
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ (G)
A

◦ Adenine
◦ Thymine
◦ Cytosine
◦ Guanine

60
Q

Important considerations when using EPDs

A

Resources
Must consider pairing
Avoid relying on single traits
What direction should we go to get the offspring we want to produce

61
Q

______ Holstein cows imported from the Netherlands, ending in 1905 due to __________

A

10,000, Hoof‐ and‐Mouth

62
Q

Osborndale Ivanhoe was responsible for BLAD (Bovine Leucocyte Adhesion deficiency) resulted in

A

death in all homozygous animals

63
Q

Toy Story has produced over __________ units of semen

A

two million

64
Q

Straight breeding

A

mating animals of the same breed

65
Q

Crossbreeding

A

mating animals of different breed

66
Q

Composites

A

meant to combined specific traits

67
Q

Hybrids ‐‐ used in the swine and poultry industry

A

genetic lines specifically selected

68
Q

Why Crossbreed

A

Breed complementation- match strength and weaknesses

69
Q

Heterosis

A

progeny shows qualities superior than parents

70
Q

Relationship b/w Heterosis and Heritability

A

as one increases the other decreases

71
Q

Inbreeding

A

breeding closely related individuals

72
Q

What are we trying to do with inbreeding

A

trying to reduce variation of specific genes

73
Q

Line breeding

A

outstanding individual

74
Q

Rotational Crossbreeding (2-3 breeds)

A

trying to maximize heterosis

75
Q

Terminal

A

all progeny go to market

buy in breeding stock

76
Q

What is the goal of Terminal crossbreeding program

A

growth and carcass traits

77
Q

Why use breeds when you can use crossbreds?

A

Breeds have specific traits which allows us to predict what the offspring is going to look like if we cross them. Whereas if I cross two crossbreds, there is higher variation on how those traits may show on the offspring.

Animal Science (13 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions