Repro weeks 3 &4 Flashcards
where does oedema tend to occur in pre eclampsia
hands and face
when is screening for DS carried out
week 11-13+6
what is the screening test for DS in 1st trimester
US for nuchal thickness
serum screening for HCG and PAPP-A
what is the screening tests for DS in the second trimester
blood sample assay for HCG and AFP
what HCG and AFP results would suggest DS was present
high HCG and low AFP
what 2 diagnostic tests exist for downs syndrome and when are they carried out
amniocentesis (>15weeks)
chorionic villus sampling (>12weeks)
what 3 hormones cause insulin resistance in pregnancy
growth hormone
placental CRH
human chorionic somammotrophin
how does progesterone prepare for lactation
development of the lobule-alveolar system in the mammary tissue
(remember ‘LAP’ - Lobule-Alveolar Progesterone)
what are the 2 main causes of reduced liquor
- placental insufficiency causing embryo renal underperfusion
- burst membranes
what sign is seen on ultrasound that indicates dichorionic twins
lambda sign
at what gestational age do you use US to see if there are multiple pregnancies and the pattern of membranes with twins
12-14 weeks
how does oestrogen prepare you for lactation
causes development of the ductile system in mammary tissue
describe the histological changes of HPV genital warts
condyloma acuminatum - papillomatous squamous epithelium with cytoplasmic vacuolation
when is gestational diabetes diagnosed
28week OGTT
what is koilocytosis
squamous epithelium that has undergone structural changes due to HPV infection
what is the preinvasive phase of endocervical adenocarcinoma
CGIN
cervical glandular intraepithelial neoplasm
what are the 3 types of epithelial ovarian tumours
serous
clear cell
endometriod
what are the 3 types of germ cell ovarian tumours
dysgerminoma (teratoma)
choriocarcinoma
yolk sac
why do you check CEA in suspected ovarian cancer
if CEA is raised it suggests a GI origin of cancer
which breast cancer is always ER +ive
lobular carcinoma in situ
name 2 fetal indications for induction of labour
IUGR
macrosomnia
which antibiotic should you give for cover in case of preterm rupture of membranes
erythromycin
which antibiotic treats PID
azithromycin
which fetal anomaly can lithium cause
Epstein’s anomonly (cardiac anomaly)
what treatments are safe for UTI during pregnancy
1st trimester - nitrofurantoin/cephalexin
2nd &3rd trimester - trimethoprim/cephalexin
what is the best anti-emetic to give in pregnancy
cyclizine
which SSRI can be given to a women who is breastfeeding
sertraline
when during pregnancy is a mother’s BP lowest
week 24 - due to the expansion of the uterus and placenta, causing reduced BP
what scan can you do and when to predict pre eclampsia risk
MUAD 20-24 weeks
what on MUAD indicates pre eclampsia risk
notching
what makes eclampsia different from pre eclampsia
the presence of tonic clonic seizures
at what gestation does BP start to increase again
22-24 weeks - due to compression of fetus on vena cava
