Endocrine need to know Flashcards
which pancreatic cells produce insulin
beta cells
what is the antagonist of insulin
glucagon
a random blood glucose of what would diagnose diabetes
> 11.1
name the slow onset version of T1DM
LADA
name 3 signs of DKA
Ab pain
vomiting
signs of systemic shock
what is the target HbA1c for T1DM
48-58
what are the 2 main factors contributing to T2DM
genetics
diet and lifestyle resulting in obiesity
what is the underlying pathology in T2DM
insulin resistance
what is the target HbA1c for T2DM
48-53
which 2 drugs can cause type 3 diabetes
steroids and anti-psychotics
which 3 endocrine disorders can cause type 3 diabetes
cushings
phaeochromocytoma, acromegaly
what is the inheritance pattern of MODY and what distinguishes it form T1DM
AD
no auto antibodies present
mild onset of symptoms over months
which drug is used to treat MODY
sulphonylureas
define hypoglycaemia
blood sugar <4mmol
what are the 3 biochemical markers of DKA
hyperglycaemia
ketones in blood
high anon gap acidosis
how is DKA defined
a state of insulin DEFICIENCY causing hyperglycaemia and dehydration
which type of diabetes is DKA seen in
T1DM
which type of diabetes is Hyperglycemic hyperosmolar syndrome seen in
T2DM
how is the presentation of HHS different from DKA
HHS is slow onset (days/weeks) and affects mainly elderly
HHS only associated with dehydration, no ketoacidosis as there is residual insulin
tx for HHS
insulin sliding scale
what is the most active form of thyroid hormone
T3 - needs to be transported bound to a plasma protein (thyroid binding globulin is the main one)
how does graves disease cause hyperthyroidism
an AI disease- production of antibodies that. mimic TSH to release T3/T4 in the absence of TSH
what are the 3 antibodies seen in grave’s disease
TRAB stimulating
anti-thyroid perioxidase
anti-thyroglobuin
what are 3 specific signs of grave’s
pre tibial myxoedema
bilateral exophthalmus
ophthalmoplegia