Neuro Notes Flashcards

1
Q

what is the mechanism of action of anticonvulsants

A

they inhibit calcium channels

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2
Q

name an excitatory/depolarising synapse

A

glutamate

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3
Q

which synapse is anion selective (-ive charge)

A

GABA

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4
Q

what is the mechanism of action of Benzos

A

increase Cl- entry to enhance initiation of inhibitory synapses
enhance the effect of GABA

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5
Q

which clinical syndrome is seen with ‘same side paralysis, opposite side pain’

A

brown sequard syndrome

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6
Q

where is the somatosensory cortex located

A

the post central gyrus

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7
Q

what do gamma motor neurones innervate and what is the reflex called

A

the muscle spindle fibres

the myotactic reflex

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8
Q

what do alpha motor neurones innervate

A

innervate a bulk of muscle fibres within a muscle

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9
Q

define a motor unit

A

consists of an alpha motor neurone and all the skeletal muscle fibres it innervates

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10
Q

within the ventral horn, where do flexor LMNs sit in relation to the extensor LMNs

A

Flexor LMNs sit Far away - flexor LMNs sit Dorsal to the extensor LMNs in the ventral horn

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11
Q

what is the myotactic reflex mediated by

A

the release of glutamate

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12
Q

what are the 3 main pathologies seen in Alzheimer’s disease

A
  1. neurofibrillary tangles (intracellular TAU PROTEIN)
  2. senile plaques (extracellular)
  3. loss of cortical neurones
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13
Q

which area of the brain is affected 1st in Alzheimer’s dementia

A

nucleus basalis of meynart

the main site of cholinergic initiation in the brain

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14
Q

what are the senile plaques in Alzheimer’s disease made of

A

amyloid B protein

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15
Q

which congenital disorder sees Alzheimer’s onset in 2rd/4th decade

A

Downs syndrome

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16
Q

where do most berry aneurysms occur

A

arterial bifurcations (esp the internal carotid artery)

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17
Q

what is the strongest risk factor for vascular dementia

A

hypertension

18
Q

what are lewy bodies made of

A

alpha synuclein

19
Q

What are the 3 most common causes of bacterial meningitis in neonates

A
  1. listeria
  2. Group B strep
  3. E.Coli
20
Q

What are the 3 most common causes of bacterial meningitis in immunocompromised

A
  1. strep pneumoniae
  2. Neisseria meningitidis
  3. listeria
21
Q

What is the most common cause of bacterial meningitis in children <4y/o

A

haemophilus influenza B

22
Q

What are the 2 most common causes of bacterial meningitis in >21y/o

A
1st = Strep pneumonia 
2nd = neisseria meningitidis
23
Q

why is levodopa not used in <70y/o

A

can build up tolerance

high risk of dyskinesia

24
Q

what is the most common cause of degenerative Parkinson’s

A

multi system atrophy

25
in a pyramidal lesion, are arm and leg flexors or extensors weakened
arm extensors are weakened | leg flexors are weakened
26
which lobe is commonly involved in progressive supranuclear palsy and what clinical picture does this cause
frontal lobe | causes apathy, disinhibition and impaired reasoning
27
if listeria is suspected in bacterial meningitis, what else is added to the IV ceftriexone
IV amoxicillin
28
what is an extra dural haematoma caused by
middle meningeal artery rupture
29
which brain injury can present with a lucid interval
extra dural haematoma
30
which haematoma is most likely to affect bridging veins
subdural haematoma
31
when is carbamazepine used as epilepsy treatment
in focal seizures
32
which 2 contraceptive drugs lose their efficacy when carbamazapine is used
POP and progesterone implant
33
which type of epilepsy seizure is ethusixamide used in
absence seizures
34
which antiepileptic drug can make absence seizures worse
carbamazepine
35
what does the 'HEAD' acronym stand in relation to signs of an epileptic seizure in temporal lobe
Hallucinations Epigastric rising motion Automatisms (lip smacking, grabbing, plucking) De ja vu, postical dysphasia
36
what signs would suggest a seizure has occurred in the parietal lobe
sensory parasthesia (tingling/numbness)
37
postical weakness is suggestive of a seizure in which area
frontal lobe | motor signs are usually seen if there is a seizure in this area
38
which are the only 2 cranial nerves that don't receive bilateral innervation from the corticobulbar nerve
7 and 11
39
total anterior circulation infarct presents with how Many of the criteria for stroke
all 3!
40
treatment for a tension headache
amitryptiline
41
saccular berry aneurysms cause what ?
subarachnoid haemorrhage
42
what's the most common cause of meningitis in ages 10-21
neisseria meningitidis