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Reproductive-Week 3/4 > Repro Microbiology > Flashcards

Repro Microbiology Flashcards

1
Q

Most STIs are asymptomatic (True or False)

A

True; hence why they are called STI’s and not STDs

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2
Q

Most common STIs

A

Chlamydia
Gonorrhea
Syphilis
Trichomonas

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3
Q

What are some special populations that would benefit from STI screening

A

Sexually active men/women
Pregnant women
HIV-infected patients

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4
Q

STI pathology can be divided into what three rough categories (based on location of infection)

A

Genital Ulcer Disease
Urethritis/Cervicitis
Vaginitis

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5
Q

Top causes of Genital Ulcer Disease (3 total)

A

HSV
Syphillis
Chancroid (H. decreyi)

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6
Q

Open lesions of the genital skin/mucosa; usually caused by HSV, Syphilis or H. decreyi

A

Genital Ulcer Disease

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7
Q

Double stranded DNA virus; MOST COMMON cause of Genital Ulcer Disease; most commonly asymptomatic with latent phase in DRG; can be passed to fetus during delivery; treat with Acyclovir, Famciclovir or Valacyclovir

A

HSV (usually HSV-2)

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8
Q

What are the three classical presentations of HSV infection

A

Skin-Eye-Mucosal (SEM)
CNS disease
Disseminated disease

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9
Q

Describe the Skin-Eye-Mucosal presentation of HSV

A

Conjunctivitis

Skin lesions/vesicles

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10
Q

In what ways can HSV-2 be transmitted

A

Between sexual partners (Horizontal)

Between mother and infant during DELIVERY (Vertical)

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11
Q

What are three organs systems that DISSEMINATED HSV likes to target

A

Liver (hepatitis, coagulopathies)
Lungs (respiratory distress)
Brain

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12
Q

HSV-1 usually causes sores around where

A

Mouth and lips (“cold sores”)

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13
Q

HSV-2 usually causes sores around where

A

Genitals

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14
Q

Histologic finding for HSV infection

A

Tzanck smear with Multinucleated Giant Cells

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15
Q

Treatment for HSV

A

Acyclovir
Famciclovir
Valacyclovir

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16
Q

MOST common viruses transmitted from mother to baby (either in utero or perinatal)

A

HSV
CMV
VZV

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17
Q

Spirochete bacteria; cause of Syphilis; 90% of cases are in the developing world; usually begins with PAINLESS chancre, and can later result in Rash, Condyloma Lata and skin/heart/brain manifestations; can be spread from pregnant women to fetus (TORCH infection); treat with Penicillin

A

Treponema pallidum

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18
Q

Earliest sign of Syphilis

A

PAINLESS Chancre

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19
Q

Rash from Syphilis is on what areas

A

Palms

Soles

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20
Q

Secondary stage of Syphilis

A

Rash on PALMS and SOLES
Systemic symptoms
Condyloma lata (mucous papules)

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21
Q

Tertiary stage of Syphilis

A

Necrotizing granulomas (“gummas”) of skin, bone and mucous membranes
“Tree-bark” Aortitis (aneurysm)
CNS abnormalities

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22
Q

Syphilis infection of the CNS; can cause paresis and Tabes Dorsalis (Dorsal roots and columns); characterized by ataxia, Argyll Robertson pupils and poor proprioception

A

Neurosyphilis

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23
Q

Signs/Symptoms of Congenital Syphilis

A 
Snuffles (runny nose)
Pneumonia
Meningitis
Hutchinson's incisors (triangular)
Deafness
Saber shins
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24
Q

Diagnostic techniques for Syphilis

A

Dark-field microscopy
Rapid Plasma Reagin (RPR)
VDRL
FTA-ABS (confirmatory)

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25
Treatment for Syphilis
Penicillin
26
Syphilis is more common (90%) in the (developed/developing) world
Developing
27
Gram-negative rods; RARE in the United States; cause Genital Ulcer Disease; PAINFUL genital ulcers with MARKED regional lymphadenopathy; Treat with Azithromycin
Haemophilus ducreyi (Chancroid)
28
Difference between the ulcers of Syphilis and H. ducreyi
Syphilis: painless | H. ducreyi: painful
29
Treatment for Haemophilus ducreyi (Chancroid)
Azithromycin
30
Types of Chlamydia that cause Genital ulcers/buboes; treat with Doxycycline
L1-3
31
Clinical features of Chlamydia trachomatis L1-3 genital infection
Painless papule Buboes "Groove" sign
32
Top causes of Urethritis/Cervicitis (2 total)
Chlamydia | Gonorrhea
33
Top causes of Vaginitis (3 total)
Candida Bacterial Vaginosis (BV) Trichomonas
34
Infection of the Vagina; characterized by discharge, itching and/or odor; commonly caused by Candida, Bacterial Vaginosis and Trichomonas; can also be caused by Lichen Planus and medications (OCPs)
Vaginitis
35
Examples of non-infectious Vaginitis
Lichen Planus | Medications (OCPs)
36
Describe the NORMAL Vaginal flora
Lactobacillus
37
What can predispose a woman to Candida Vaginitis
Antibiotic treatment wiping out the normal Lactobacillus flora Menstrual cycles/Menopause
38
Yeast with germ tubes/pseudohyphae; can form biofilms; MOST COMMON cause of Vaginitis; "cottage cheese" discharge that is white and clumpy; Treat with Fluconazole or Miconazole
Candida
39
Which mucosal surfaces are often affected by Candida
Mouth (thrush) Esophagus/upper GI Vagina Moist skin folds (diaper rash)
40
Virulence factor for Candida
Biofilms (avoid antibiotics and immune system)
41
Treatment for Candida Vaginitis
Fluconazole (orally) | Miconazole (vaginal suppository)
42
Etiologic agent for Bacterial Vaginosis (BV); presents with FISHY smelling, gray discharge; see "Clue cells" wet mount with pH >4.5; treat with Metronidazole
Gardnerella vaginalis
43
Signs of Gardnerella vaginalis (Bacterial Vaginosis)
FISHY smell Gray discharge "Clue cells" (obscured borders) pH >4.5
44
Treatment for Gardnerella vaginalis (Bacterial Vaginosis)
Metronidazole
45
Protozoan cause of Vaginitis; foul-smelling, GREEN discharge; can see "Strawberry Cervix"; wet mount will show motile trophozoites; treat with Metronidazole and ALSO TREAT PARTNERS
Trichomonas
46
Signs of Trichomonas vaginitis
``` Foul-smelling Green discharge Itching/burning "Strawberry" cervix Motile trophozoites on wet mount ```
47
Treatment for Trichomonas
Metronidazole (remember to treat partner as well)
48
Chlamydia and Gonorrhea are both gram (positive/negative) and (intra/extra) cellular
Negative; Intracellular (although Chlamydia is OBLIGATE intracellular)
49
Infection of the urethra or cervix; can be associated with discharge and dysuria, but most commonly ASYMPTOMATIC
Urethritis/Cervicitis
50
Urethritis/Cervicitis are usually asymptomatic (True or False)
True
51
Gram negative/poorly stained bacteria; OBLIGATE intracellular; grows in cytoplasmic vacuole; requires host ATP cause of Urethritis and Cervicitis; can also cause trachoma (blindness), atypical pneumonia and psittacosis; has INERT elementary bodies that spread and invade other cells to form reticulate bodies
Chlamydia
52
Pathologies that can be caused by Chlamydia
Urethritis/Cervicitis Trachoma (blindness) Atypical Pneumonia Psittacosis (from parrots)
53
For Chlamydia, elementary bodies are (extracellular/intracellular) and are (active/inert)
extracellular; inert *originally intracellular, but will be release to infect other cells
54
For Chlamydia, reticulate bodies are (extracellular/intracellular) and are (active/inert)
intracellular; active
55
Genital tract infections are usually caused by what types of Chlamydia
D-K
56
Treatment for Chlamydia Genital tract infections
Doxycycline | Azithromycin
57
Reactive Arthritis that can be caused by Chlamydia infection; triad of Uveitis, Urethritis and Arthritis (can't see, can't pee, can't climb a tree); treat with NSAIDS
Reiter Syndrome
58
Triad for Reiter Syndrome (Chlamydia)
Uveitis Urethritis Arthritis (Can't see, can't pee, can't climb a tree)
59
Treatment for Reiter's Syndrome
NSAIDs
60
Gram-negative diplococcus; second most common bacterial STI; can cause urethritis, cervicitis, PID, conjunctivitis and arthritis/rash; treat with Ceftriaxone and Azithromycin
Neisseria gonorrhoeae
61
Two important pathogens in the Neisseria family
N. meningitidis | N. gonorrhoeae
62
Neisseria (meningitidis/gonorrhoeae) is prone to disseminated, blood-borne infection
N. meningitidis
63
special agar used to grow Neisseria species
Chocolate agar (heated blood agar)
64
How to tell the difference between Neisseria meningitidis and gonorrhoeae
Fermentation patterns N. meningitidis: glucose and maltose N. gonorrhoeae: glucose only
65
Virulence factors for N. meningitidis
IgA protease | Capsule
66
Virulence factors for N. gonorrhoeae
IgA protease | Pili (attach to mucosa)
67
Which patients are prone to Neisseria infection
``` Sickle cell (asplenic) C6-9 deficiency ```
68
Pathologies caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae
``` Urethritis/Cervicitis PID Conjunctivitis (infants) Arthritis Rash ```
69
_________________ is a co-pathogen in ~20% of Neisseria gonorrhoeae cases, so be sure to treat for BOTH
Chlamydia
70
Treatment for Neisseria gonorrhoeae
Ceftriaxone AND Azithromycin
71
Pathology of Chlamydia and Gonorrhea; infection and inflammation of the female pelvic organs; tenderness of the uterus, adnexal or cervix; can lead to infertility and Fitz-Hugh-Curtis Syndrome (liver capsule inflammation/adhesions)
Pelvic Inflammatory Disease
72
Minimal Criteria for PID
Uterine tenderness OR Adnexal tenderness OR Cervical motion tenderness
73
Neonatal conjunctivitis; due to N. gonorrhoeae or Chlamydia; can be prevented with erythromycin ointment at delivery (Gonorrhoeae ONLY)
Ophthalmia Neonatorum
74
Prophylaxis for Ophthalmia Neonatorum (neonatal conjunctivitis)
Erythromycin ointment at birth (Gonorrhoeae ONLY)
75
(RPR/TPPA) is a test good for assessing the PREVIOUS exposure to Syphilis
TPPA (will stay elevated for life after initial exposure)
76
(RPR/TPPA) is a test good for assessing the RECURRENCE of Syphilis infection
RPR (will decline with treatment but come back with reinfection)
77
(Screening/Diagnostic) tests have a high SENSITIVITY to minimize false negatives
screening tests (catch potentially affected individuals in a wide population)
78
(Screening/Diagnostic) tests have a high SPECIFICITY to minimize false positives
Diagnostic tests (to confirm the presence/absence in a symptomatic patient with a positive screening test)
79
Why is the Benzathine form of Penicillin best to treat Syphilis
Includes a diamine stabilizer for prolonged half-life (T. pallidum grows slowly, so long exposure needed)
80
How have Strep. agalactiae infections in infants been reduced in the last few decades
Screening for GBS in pregnant women at 35-37 weeks | Given antibiotic prophylaxis if positive or with history
81
Why are B-lactams and Aminoglycosides synergistic?
B-lactams can disrupt the cell wall of Gram positive bacteria, making it easier for Aminoglycosides to enter and affect ribosomes
82
What are the TORCHES infections
``` TOxoplasma Rubella CMV HErpes Syphilis ```

Reproductive-Week 3/4 (13 decks)

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