repro. Mehl other breast disorders 12-22 (1) Flashcards

1
Q

Benign cystic alteration in breast tissue in women 20s-50s.?

A

Fibrocystic change

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2
Q

Fibrocystic change. 3 ways show up in nbme

A

1) Highly buzzy/classic presentation is a woman 20s-30s who has bilateral, waxing/waning breast tenderness over the course of her menstrual cycle;

2) Unilateral tenderness or sharp pain in one breast (students are often surprised that it’s not always bilateral).

3) Painless, unilateral breast cyst in woman in her 40s that drains brown/greenish fluid -> answer = fibrocystic change straight-up on the NBME. Call it weird all you want. Take it up with NBME, not me.

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3
Q

1) Highly buzzy/classic presentation is a woman 20s-30s who has bilateral, waxing/waning breast tenderness over the course of her menstrual cycle;?

A

Fibrocystic change

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4
Q

2) Unilateral tenderness or sharp pain in one breast (students are often surprised that it’s not always bilateral).

A

Fibrocystic change

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5
Q

3) Painless, unilateral breast cyst in woman in her 40s that drains brown/greenish fluid -> answer = fibrocystic change straight-up on the NBME. Call it weird all you want. Take it up with NBME, not me.

A

Fibrocystic change

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6
Q

how to Dx Fibrocystic change?

A

You do not need to biopsy or do ultrasound. It is a clinical diagnosis and Tx is symptomatic only (i.e., warm showers, evening primrose oil).

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7
Q

Fibrocystic change. what in theory histo whould show?

A

In theory, biopsy of fibrocystic change will show some buzzy findings: “sclerosing adenosis,” apocrine metaplasia,” and/or “blue dome cysts.”

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8
Q

Simple breast cyst. on UG?

A

“Simple” means hypoechoic, or black on ultrasound. It reflects a fluid-filled cyst.

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9
Q

Simple breast cyst. What means complex? UG

A

“Complex” means at least in some part hyperechoic, or white on ultrasound. It
reflects a solid component to the cyst.

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10
Q

Simple breast cyst. Dx/Mx?

A

Simple cysts are observed and do not require FNA drainage unless they cause discomfort to the patient (e.g., large cysts). There is no specific size that requires drainage on USMLE.

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11
Q

Simple breast cyst.
There is an NBME Q where they say a woman was started on HRT three months ago and now has a simple cyst –> answer = next step?

A

“biopsy of the lesion.” So you should be aware that sudden growth in size can be indication for biopsy.

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12
Q

Simple breast cyst. Complex cyst. next step?

A

All complex cysts require FNA biopsy, similar to fibroadenoma.

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13
Q

Mastitis. CP?

A

Classically presents as red, cracked, fissured nipple in breastfeeding woman.

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14
Q

Mastitis. mos?

A

Usually caused by S. aureus, but Group A Strep also possible.

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15
Q

Mastitis. Mx on usmle?

A

USMLE wants oral dicloxacillin (not doxycycline) + continue breastfeeding through the affected breast as treatment. There is no risk of harm to the neonate.

Methicillin-class beta-lactams (e.g., dicloxacillin) and first-generation cephalosporins (e.g., cephalexin) are equivalent on USMLE for all intents and purposes. They both treat S. aureus skin infections.

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16
Q

Mastitis. HY CP?

A

High-yield point is that mastitis need not affect the nipple and can present as a red, warm, tender, non-fluctuant mass of the breast. When we talk about infection of the breast, non-fluctuant = mastitis; fluctuant = abscess. This is asked insidiously
on a 2CK form and students get it wrong all the time thinking it’s abscess – i.e., “They say it’s a warm, red, tender mass of the breast though!” Yeah, but they say non-fluctuant, not fluctuant. Not my issue if you get emotional over dumb shit.

17
Q

Abscess. CP?

A

Warm, red, tender fluctuant mass of the breast.

18
Q

Abscess. next best step?

A

Drain

19
Q

Galactocele. definition?

A

Aka milk retention cyst; usually seen in recently breastfeeding women.

20
Q

Galactocele. confused with what?

A

breast abscess

21
Q

Galactocele. CP?

A

Can present as painless or tender fluctuant mass of the breast that is peri-areolar.

USMLE will say the patient is afebrile and that the lesion is not warm or red.

22
Q

Galactocele. Tx?

A

Tx is warm compresses followed by drainage.

23
Q

Ductal ectasia. definition? how to make Dx?

A

As the name implies, this is dilation of lactiferous ducts.

Dx of exclusion

24
Q

Ductal ectasia.
- Presents 2/3 Qs as an inverted nipple.
- Presents 1/3 Qs as some random breast lesion where they say biopsy shows “dilation of the ducts,” which is what the name means.

A

.

25
Q

Virginal breast hypertrophy. Definition?

A

benign asymmetric growth of the breasts that can occur in young women. USMLE will try to trick you into thinking it’s sinister by saying a first-degree relative had breast cancer.

26
Q

Virginal breast hypertrophy.
They will say 16-year-old girl has large breast lump under the nipple on one side. next step?

A

Answer is just follow-up / observe.

27
Q

Gynecomastia. Physiologic gynecomastia can occur in teenage boys on USMLE, where there can
be ­ breast tissue, either tender or not, occurring uni- or bilaterally. next step?

A

Just observe.

28
Q

Gynecomastia. can occur in what pathology/drugs?

A

Can occur as a result of ­ estrogen in liver failure, or due to certain drugs like cimetidine, spironolactone, ketoconazole, or even marijuana.

29
Q

Gynecomastia. mechanism that causes it?

A

Caused by direct estrogen effect on breast. It is not caused by prolactin.

30
Q

Gynecomastia. an NBME Q gives gynecomastia in a male patient taking hCG. They ask for the mechanism -> answer?

A

“testis producing estrogen.”

They can also have as answer “estrogen; direct effect on breast.” The reason this makes sense is because, since hCG shares the same alpha-subunit with LH and FSH (and TSH), giving hCG is as though we are giving LH and FSH at the same time. So LH
effect -> androgen production; FSH effect -> aromatase production -> therefore androgens are converted to estrogens in the testis -> mechanism via which we could get gynecomastia.

31
Q

Necrosis. definition?

A

Non-enzymatic fat necrosis of breast due to trauma; can calcify.

32
Q

Necrosis. Don’t confuse with enzymatic fat necrosis, which is acute pancreatitis.

A

.

33
Q

Necrosis. can occur in what setting?

A

Can occur due to overt trauma (e.g., getting hit by softball) or sometimes by tight-fitting sports bras.