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Random First Aid Sections > Repro: Embryology > Flashcards

Repro: Embryology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 4 important genes of embryogenesis?

A

Sonic hedgehog - A/P & CNS

Wnt-7 - D/V

FGF - Lengthen limbs

Homeobox (Hox) - Craniocaudal

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2
Q

What genes are produces at apical ectodermal ridge (thickened ectoderm at distal end of developing limbs)?

A

Wnt-7 - D/V

FGF - length

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3
Q

Gastrulation

A

Forms trilaminar embryonic disc (3rd week)

Epiblast invaginating to form primitive streak

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4
Q

What structures are formed by the surface ectoderm?

A

Adenohypophysis (Rathke’s pouch)

Lens & Sensory organ of ear

Olfactory and oral cavity epithelium

Epidermis

Parotid, sweat, and mammary glands

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5
Q

What does the neuroectoderm form?

A

CNS: Brain, retina/optic nerve, spinal cord

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6
Q

What do neural crest cells form?

A

PNS (dorsal root ganglia, CN, celiac ganglion, ANS)

Melanocytes

Chromaffin cells of adrenal medulla

Parafollicular cells of thyroid

Pia and arachnoid

Bones of skull

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7
Q

What do mesodermal defects cause?

A

VACTERL

Vertebral defects

Anal atresia

Cardiac defects

Tracheo-Esoaphageal fistula

Renal defects

Limb defects

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8
Q

What structures are formed from endoderm?

A

Gut tube epithelium

Urethra

Luminal epithelial derivatives

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9
Q

What is the difference between agenesis and aplasia?

A

Agenesis: Absent organ due to absent primordial tissue

Aplasia: Absent organ depsite presence or primordial tissue

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10
Q

Hypoplasia

A

Incomplete organ development

Primordial tissue present

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11
Q

What is the difference between Deformation, Disruption, and Malformation?

A

Deformation: Extrinsic disruption, post embryonic period

Disruption: 2˚ breakdown of previously normal tissue

Malformation: Intrinsic disruption, occurs during embryonic period

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12
Q

What is an example of a sequence error?

A

Oligohydramnios → Potter Sequence

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13
Q

When is a developing fetus most susceptible to teratogens?

A

Embryonic Period (Weeks 3-8)

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14
Q

What 3 structures are found in the umbilical cord?

A

Umbilical arteries (2) - deoxygenated blood from fetal iliac arteries

Umbilical vein - Oxygenated blood

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15
Q

Urachus

A

Duct between fetal bladder and yolk sac

Yolk sac → Allantois (extends to UG sinus) → Urachus

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16
Q

What 3 things can result if the urachus fails to obliterate?

A

Patent urachus - urine discharge from umbilicus

Urachal cyst - fluid-filled cavity lined w/ uroepithelium between umbilicus and bladder

Vesicourachal diverticulum - outpouching of bladder

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17
Q

Viteline duct

A

Connects yolk sac to midgut lumen

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18
Q

If the vitelline duct doesn’t completely obliterate (7th week) what can occur?

A

Vitelline fistula - meconium discharge from umbilicus

Meckel diverticulum - melana, periumbilical pain, ulcers

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19
Q

1st aoritc arch forms the ____________.

A

Maxillary artery

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20
Q

2nd aortic arch forms what 2 arteries?

A

Stapedial and hyoid

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21
Q

3rd aortic arch forms what 2 arteries?

A

Common Carotid

Proxiaml part of Internal Carotid

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22
Q

4th aortic arch forms what 2 arteries

A

L: aortic arch

R: proximal R subclavian

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23
Q

6th aortic arch forms what what structures?

A

Proximal pulmonary arteries

Ductus arteriosus

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24
Q

What are the brachial clefts, arches and pouches formed from?

A

CAP covers outside to insdie

Ectoderm

Mesoderm

Endoder

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25
Q

What does the 1st brachial cleft form?

A

External auditory meatus

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26
Q

What do the 2nd-4th brachial clefts form?

A

Temporary cervical sinuses

**which are obliterated by proliferation of 2nd arch mesenchyme**

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27
Q

What does a persistant cervical sinus form?

A

Brachial cleft cyst - lateral neck

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28
Q

What are the symptoms of DiGeorge?

A

22q11 - aberrant development of 3rd and 4th pouches

T-cell deficiency (thymic aplasia)

Hypocalcemia (failure of parathyroid)

Cardiac defects

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29
Q

MEN 2A

A

RET germline mutation - neural crest

Pheochromocytomas

Parathyroid tumor

Parafollicular cells (medullary thyroid cancer)

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30
Q

Cleft lip

A

Failure of fusion of the maxillary and medial nasal sinus

Formation of 1˚ palate

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31
Q

Cleft Palate

A

Failure of fusion of 2 lateral palatine processes

or

Failulre of fusion of Lateral palatine process w/ nasal septum and/or median palatine process

Formation of the 2˚ palate

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32
Q

What 3 things are necessary for male development?

A

SRY gene (Y chromosome)

Mullerian Inhibitory Factor (Sertoli cells)

Androgens (Leydig cells)

33
Q

Paramesonephric duct

A

Mullerian duct - Develops on default

Fallopian tubes, uterus, and upper 2/3 of vagina

34
Q

Mesonephric duct

A

Wolffian duct (SEED)

Seminal vesicles, Epididymis, Ejaculatory duct, and Ductus deferens

35
Q

What results from an incomplete fusion of the paramesonephric ducts?

A

Bicornate uterus

Recurrent miscarriages

36
Q

What lymph nodes do the ovaries/testes drain to?

A

Para-aortic LN

37
Q

What lymph nodes do the distal vagina/vulva/scrotum drain to?

A

Superficial inguinal

38
Q

What lymph nodes do the proximal vagina/uterus drain to?

A

Obturator, external iliac, and hypogastric

39
Q

What ligament contains the ovarian vessels?

A

Infundibulopelvic - suspensory ligament of the ovaries

40
Q

What ligament contains the uterine vessels?

A

Cardinal ligament (cervix to side of pelvis)

41
Q

What ligament is a derivative of gubernaculum?

A

Round ligament of the uterus

Uterine fundus to labia majora

42
Q

What structures are contained in the broad ligament?

A

Ovaries, fallopian tubes, and round ligament of the uterus

43
Q

Ovarian ligament connects what two structures?

A

Medial pole of ovary to lateral uterus

44
Q

What is the histology of the fallopian tube?

A

Simple columnar epithelium - many ciliated cells

Few secretory (peg) cells

45
Q

What is the histology of the outer surface of the ovary?

A

Simple cuboidal epithelium (germinal epithelium covering surface of ovary)

46
Q

What is the pathway of sperm during ejaculation?

A

SEVEN UP

Seminiferous tubules

Epididymis

Vas Deferens

Ejaculatory ducts

nothing

Urethra

Penis

47
Q

Which cells in the testes does increase in temperature affect?

A

Sertoli cells

↓sperm production and inhibin

↑ temperature

48
Q

Which of the male non-germ cells secrete androgen-binding protein?

A

Sertoli - maintain local level of testosterone

Support sperm synthesis

49
Q

What is the order of estrogens in terms of potency?

A

Estradiol > Estrone > Estriol

50
Q

What 3 places is estrogen synthesized?

A

Ovary - 17β-estradiol

Placenta - Estriol

Adipose - Estrone

51
Q

What 3 things does estrogen promote the development of?

A

Female genetalia and breast

Female fat distribution

52
Q

Estrogen induces the upregulation of what 3 receptors? And provides feedback inhibition for what 2 hormones?

A

ER, PR, and LH receptor

FSH and LH

53
Q

What effect does estrogen have on SHBG, HDL and LDL?

A

↑ SHBG

↑HDL

↓LDL

54
Q

The fall in _____________ after delivery disinhibits prolactin.

A

Progesterone

55
Q

What 4 structures can produce progesterone?

A

Corpus luteum

Placenta

Adrenal cortex

Testes

56
Q

What is tanner stage 2?

A

Pubic hair appears and breast buds from (thelarche)

57
Q

What is tanner stage 3?

A

Pubic hair darkens and becomes curly

↑ Penis size/length

Breasts enlarge

58
Q

Tanner stage 4

A

↑Penis width

Darker scrotal skin

Development of glans

Raised areolae

59
Q

What is Tanner stage 5?

A

Adult - areolae are no longer raised

60
Q

What is the differnece between metorrhagia, menorrhagia, and menometrorrhagia?

A

Metorrhagia: Frequent, irregular bleeding

Menorrhagia: Heavy bleeding

Menometrorrhagia: Heavy irregularly, irregular

61
Q

1˚ oocytes begin meiosis I during _________ and complete meiosis I just prior to ____________.

A

Fetal life

Ovulation

62
Q

Meiosis I is arrested in ___________ for years.

A

Prophase I

63
Q

Meiosis II is arrested in _________ until fertilization.

A

Metaphase II

64
Q

If fertilization does not occur within ______ the 2˚ oocyte degenerates.

A

1 day!

65
Q

During ovulation:

↑ estrogen, and ↑GnRH receptors on the anterior pituitary

What stimulates the LH surge?

A

Estrogen

66
Q

Mittelschmerz

A

Transient mid-cycle ovulatory pain

Peritoneal irritaiton, follicular swelling/rupture, fallopian tube contraction

67
Q

Implantation within the wall of hte uterus occurs ______ after fertilization.

A

6 days

68
Q

What cells secrete hCG into the blood? How early is this detectable?

A

Syncytiotrophoblasts

1 week after conception - blood

2 weeks after conception - urine

69
Q

What is the role of prolactin and oxytocin in lactation?

A

Prolactin: induces and maintains lactation - ↓repro fx

Oxytocin: milk letdown and promotes uterine contractions

70
Q

What benefits does breastmilk have for infants?

A

Maternal IgA, Mφ, lymphocytes

↓fetal infections

↓ risk for child to develop asthma, allergies, diabetes mellitus, and obesity

71
Q

What must be supplemented in exclusively breast fed infants?

A

Vitamin D

72
Q

What hormonal changes are seen in menopause?

A

↓Estrogen

↑↑FSH & ↑LH

↑GnRH

73
Q

What are the symptoms seen with menopause?

A

HAVOCS

Hot flashes

Atrophy of the Vagina

Osteoporosis

CAD

Sleep disturbances

74
Q

Spermatogenesis begins at _______ with spermatogonia

A

Puberty

75
Q

Where does spermatogenesis occur? How long does it take?

A

Seminerferous tubules

2 months

76
Q

What 2 things must happen to a spermatid for them to form a mature spermatozoon?

A

Loss of cytoplasmic contents

Acrosomal cap

**Spermiogenesis**

77
Q

What two organs synthesize androgens?

A

Testis: DHT and testosterone

Adrenal: Androstenedione

78
Q

What is the order of potency of androgens?

A

DHT > testosterone > androstenedione

79
Q

What are the functions of testosterone? (5)

A

Differentiation of epididymis, vas deferens, seminal vesicles

Growth spurt

Deepending of voice

Closing of epiphyseal plates

Libido

Random First Aid Sections (16 decks)

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