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repro Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

bag of grapes in ultrasound… what happened?

A
  • complete mole
  • 46 (XY) all paternal genetic material
  • abnormally large, distended uterus with no normal fetal products
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2
Q

normal cell lining of male repro tract, starting with rete testes and ending with urethra

A
  • simple cuboidal with flagella (rete testes)
  • pseudostratified columnar with sterocilia (epididymis)
  • pseudostratified columnar (vas deferens)
  • urothelium (urethra)
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3
Q

monozygotic twins, tell me how many placenta, chorions and amnions if division occurs between [0-4], [4-8], [8-12] days… also which is most common?

A
  • mono or diplacenta, dichorionic/diamniotic
  • monoplacenta, monochorionic/diamniotic
  • monoplacenta, monochorionic/monoamniotic
  • **75% are mono/di due to division during days 4-8
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4
Q

typical lab values in menopause (E2, FSH, LH)

A
  • decreased E2, increased FSH and LH (without surge)

- decreased estrogen is primary actor

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5
Q

histology of pagets disease of the breast…

A

-large cells with halos, often with underlying islands of tumor cells in fibrous tissue… (pagets often has underlying ductal carcinoma which presents with underlying fibrous tissue on exam)

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6
Q

hormone levels in PCOS (E2, LH, FSH, progesterone)

A
  • hallmark of PCOS is chronically elevated LH… (LH:FSH >3)
  • leads to increased androgen and therefore increased E2
  • decreased progesterone (no LH surge, no ovulation, no progesterone)
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7
Q

eye infection in neonates can be due to 2 common pathogens, but present at different times, name both and when they are likely to present.

A
  • n. gonorrhea: 2-5 days

- chlamydia: 5-14 days

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8
Q

placental abruption vs placental previa

A
  • abruption slightly more common, associated with smoking, cocaine use, uterine trauma, HTN, fibroids– presents with painful vaginal bleeding
  • previa, slightly less common, due to placenta attaching over cervical os, can be diagnosed via ultrasound
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9
Q

primary bacteria of vaginal flora (also what classification are they) and their benefits…

A
  • lactobacilli, gram + facultative anaerobes

- keep the pH low to prevent pathogenic infections

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10
Q

prenatal external genitalia development in boys is due to

A

-DHT

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11
Q

categorize Brenner’s tumors, bonus point for histo

A
  • epithelial tumor of the ovary (least common subtype)

- nests of transitional cells with coffee bean nuclei along fibrous stroma– cells resemble transitional cells of bladder

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12
Q

triple screen (AFP, b-HCG, estriol) what are two diseases that AFP can tell you about? (one up and one down)

A
  • increased AFP… neural tube defect

- decreased AFP… down syndrome

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13
Q

sildenafil is a medication for… (also MOA, and contraindication). what is another use for this med…

A
  • erectile dysfunction
  • inhibition of PDE-5 (phosphodiesterase-5) which prevents degradation of cGMP, enhancing effects of NO
  • unsafe in combination with nitrates (unsafe drop in BP)
  • pulmonary HTN
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14
Q

call-exner bodies are seen in…

A

-granulosa cell tumors

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15
Q

friable cervix, greenish discharge… how do you identify it, how do you treat it?

A
  • trichomonas
  • giemsa stain, flagellated organisms
  • metronidazole
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16
Q

b-HCG levels in normal pregnancy increase at what rate?

A

-double every 1.5 to 2 days

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17
Q

meig’s syndrome (3)

A
  • benign ovarian cyst
  • ascites
  • pleural effusion
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18
Q

candida is associated with what vaginal pH…

A

-normal… (<4.5)

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19
Q

what are cardinal ligaments… what important structures do they contain?

A
  • they are ligaments that help support the cervix

- contain the uterine artery and veins

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20
Q

B-hCG has an identical alpha subunit as… (3)

A

-FSH, LH, TSH

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21
Q

mumps orchitis causes infertility by what mechanism… (bonus points for type of epithelium that is affected)

A

-inflammation of the epididymis

22
Q

penis at 12 disease…

A

-5alpha-reductase deficiency

23
Q

in the presence of meullerian inhibiting factor in men, the meullerian ducts become…

A

-prostatic utricle and APPENDIX testes…

24
Q

mesonephric ducts become….

A

SEED

  • seminal vesicles
  • epididymis
  • ejaculatory ducts
  • ductus deferns
25
Q

which hormone is responsible for the change in body temperature exploited by the temperature method of natural family planning?

A

-progesterone produced by corpus luteum

26
Q

it is normal to have 1-4 mL of white to yellow vaginal discharge daily.

A

-i don’t know, remember that.

27
Q

what chromosome are BRCA1 and BRCA2 located on? (bonus points if you can name another genetic disease located on each)

A
  • BRCA1: chromosome 17… neurofibromatosis type 1 (NFT2 is on 22)
  • BRCA2: chromosome 13… retinoblastoma
28
Q

what does SRY region code for?

A
  • testes determining factor…

* *testes then produce MIH and testosterone

29
Q

foul smelling green vaginal discharge?

A

-trichomoniasis

30
Q

bug with helical shape, two membranes and two flagella

A

-treponema

31
Q

triad of preeclampsia…

A

-HTN, proteinuria, nondependent edema (edema of face and extremities)

32
Q

multiple masses in the uterine wall and/or submucosa… presents with dysmenorrhea, abnormal bleeding, etc

A

-fibroids, leimyoma

33
Q

what do sertoli cells secrete during embryonic development?

A

-muellerian inhibiting factor

34
Q

what is the problem in globozoospermia?

A

-the golgi never matures into the acrosome, leads to male infertility, the sperm are round and cannot fertilize the egg

35
Q

two most significant factors for increasing risk of testicular cancer

A
  • klienfelters

- cryptorchidism

36
Q

painful genital ulcer and lymphadenopathy… (name of disease and bonus points for pathogen)

A
  • chancroid

- haemophilus ducreyi

37
Q

give clinical presentation of hydrops and MOA

A
  • autoimmune attack of RBC’s by maternal IgG across placenta… Rh- mom gives birth to Rh+ kid
  • hepatosplenomegaly and ascites
38
Q

what phase of the cell cycle are oocytes in… from birth until LH surge…. and at the time of ovulation

A
  • prophase I

- metaphase II

39
Q

what kind of tumor has a “glomeruloid” appearance on histology

A

-yolk sac

40
Q

what kind of tumor has fried egg appearance on histology

A

-seminoma

oligodendroglioma

41
Q

what hormone helps dilate the cervix during labor…

A
  • oxytocin

- posterior pituitary

42
Q

name pathogen responsible for itchy, fishy vagina… and tx…

A
  • gardenarella vaginalis

- metronidazole

43
Q

tx for leiomyoma…

A

-GnRH agonist… leuprolide

44
Q

tertiary syphilis affects… (3)

A
  • CNS
  • aorta
  • MSK
45
Q

suspensory ligament contains some important structures…

A

-ovarian artery and vein

46
Q

most common form of congenital adrenal hyperplasia… what serum marker do you look for…

A
  • 21-hydroxylase deficiency

- 17-hydroxyprogesterone

47
Q

pelomorphic gram variable rod is… and presents with…

A
  • gardenerella

- itchy, fishy, vagina

48
Q

complications of preeclampsia.. (4)

A
  • DIC
  • ATN
  • acute fatty liver
  • HELLP syndrome (hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, low platelets)
49
Q

nosocomial UTI…(4) what if it produces red-pigment… (1)

A
  • e.coli, klebsiella, proteus, psuedomonas

- serratia

50
Q

serratia, most commonly associated with the presentation of …. morphologically, it is classed as….

A
  • nosocomial UTI

- gram negative, facultative anaerobic rod

51
Q

triple test results with elevated alpha fetoprotein and NL B-hCG and estriol levels….

A

-neural tube defect

USMLE (17 decks)

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