oncology Flashcards
pearly borders surrounded by fine telangiactasias (what is it, and what is the classic histology)
- basal cell CA
- palisading nuclei and basal cell nests
squamous cell carcinoma (macro and histo findings)… preceded by…
- red scaling plaque
- keratin pearls
- actinic keratosis
papillary carcinoma of the thyroid (2 characteristic path findings)
-orphan annie eyes and psammoma bodies
homer-wright cells are seen in… which primarily affects… and is located in…
- medulloblastoma (most common brain tumor in kids)
- causes obstructive hydrocephalus
- form rosettes around neutropils
link the brain tumor to the path…
- psammoma bodies
- perinuclear halo
- foamy cells and high vascularity
- rod shaped perinuclear inclusions and pseudo rosettes
- meningioma (older women)
- oligodendroglioma (adults)
- hemangioblastoma (adults)
- ependymoma (kids)
ras gene and its relation to cancer
-ras is a G-protein which when mutated can be activated by not inactivated, leading to constitutive activation
what is the most considerable risk factor for poor prognosis with melanoma?
-depth of invasion
name a common alkylating agent and its dangerous SE that is treated prophylactically with…
- cyclophosphamide
- hemorrhagic cystitis
- mesna
t(14;18) is seen in… which messes with normal function of gene… on chromosome 14, and… on chromosome 18
- follicular lymphoma
- IgH
- bcl-2 –> anti-apoptotic … over expressed in follicular lymphoma
most common renal tumor… association with (one behavioral and one genetic)… bonus point for chromosome number
- clear cell renal carcinoma (75%)
- smokers
- von Hippel-Lindau (chromosome 3)
Rb is associated with…
-osteosarcoma
t(8:14)is a translocation affecting… gene on chromosome 8 and …gene on chromosome 14 is found in… which is associated with…
- c-myc
- heavy chain Ig
- burkitts (starry sky)
- EBV
multiple myeloma has two main sites of pathology… one of which can be due to many different etiologies, name a few… (one of which involves a congo stain)
- lytic bone lesions (often in spine)
- kidney –> hypercalciuria, bence-jones casts (Ig in urine), METS, amyloid deposits of Ig (can be seen as apple green on congo stain)
roleaux formation looks like… and is associated with…
- single file line of RBCs
- multiple myeloma
most common primary brain tumor and associated histopath….
- GBM (usually older pts)
- irregular ring enhancing lesion with central necrosis
- pseudopalisading
tx for SLCC…
-combo therapy with cisplatin and etoposide
what is a kruckenberg tumor…. classic histology… most common site for the primary lesion…
- mucin producing tumor, most commonly primary to the stomach but can be anywhere on the GI tract
- signet ring cells
- often associated with ovarian METS
t(9;22) is a problem with the… gene on chromosome 9 and … gene on chromosome 22. it is associated with… which can progress to…
- abl (oncogene)
- bcr (unknown function)
- CML
- blast crisis, AML
smudge cells are seen in…
-CLL/SLL
trousseau sign is… and is associated with…
- migratory thrombophlebitis (appearing and disappearing clots in peripheral vasculature, causing pain and swelling)
- pancreatic adenocarcinoma
ewing’s sarcoma… who… where… histo
- boys, age <15
- diaphysis of long bones
- sheets of small blue cells
tumor of bone in young/middle aged womens… imaging…
- giant cell tumor, locally aggressive
- epiphysis of long bones
- soap bubble
methotrexate can be used as an anti-neoplastic agent, but also as… (2)
- immunosuppressant
- abortfacient
tumor marker in hepatocellular carcinoma… which is also raised in…
- AFP
- yok sac tumor
TRAP protein is associated with…
-b-lymphocyte tumors
hepatocellular carcinoma WITHOUT preceding cirrhosis?
-HBV (which is hepadnavirus)
knowing the HER2/neu and c-erbB2 is helpful in assessing effectiveness of tx of …. cancer with …. drug
- invasive breast cancer
- trastuzumab
superior venacava syndrome (pathogenesis)
- due to compression of superior vena cava, most often from squamous cell carcinoma of the lung
- leads to swelling of head and neck
myasthenic like syndrome called… seen with underlying…
- lambert eaton myesthenic syndrome
- small cell lung cancer
rituximab is targeted at … marker on cells, seen in …. (type of cancer)
- CD20
- follicular lymphoma
bitemoral vistibular schwannomas are pathognomonic for … which is also associated with… (2). it is due to a defect in… gene on chromosome….
- nuerofibromatosis type 2
- blurry vision and meningiomas
- merlin (or NF2) gene on chromosome 22
cells with bilobed nuclei staining positive for CD15 and CD30… associated with …
- reed sternberg cells
- hodgkin’s lymphoma
AML pts are at increased risk for…
-DIC
gastric cancer is associated with… (4)
- dietary nitrosamines (smoked foods)
- H.pylori
- pernicious anemia
- japaneese
extra-gastric signs of gastric cancer (3)
- virchow node (supraclavicular)
- sister mary josephy node (para-umbilical)
- blumer’s shelf node (rectal shelf)
promyelocytic leukemia is due to a translocation between… gene on chromosome …. and … gene on chromosome … and buzzword
- t(15;17)
- PML on 15
- retinoic acid receptor on 17
- auer rods
what chromosome is familial adenomatous polyposis located on?
-chromosome 5
molar pregnancy, what is it and how does it present?
- fertilized egg that has lost it’s chromosomes or egg fertilized with two sperm
- month 4 or 5 with vaginal bleeding, markedly enlarged uterus and markedly elevated B-hCG
most common fetal neoplasm? (also where and why this type?)
- teratoma
- sacrococcygeal, remnant of the primitive streak, has the potential to develop into many tissue types
coin lesion and PTHrP suggest…. which is located…
- squamous cell carcinoma of the lung
- centrally located, bronchogenic
wilms tumor… presentation, gene, chromosome
- 2-4 yr old, non-painful mass
- deletion of WT1 (tumor suppressor gene)
- chromosome 11
sarcoma (what does that even mean)
-neoplasm of mesenchymal origin… bone, muscle, fat
cancers that commonly MET to the brain (only 15% of cancers do! name 3)
- primarily breast and lung, and then melanoma
- intracranial METs are responsible for 50% of brain tumors
WAGR… get after it
- wilms tumor
- aniridia (partial or complete loss of iris)
- genital/genitourinary abnormalities
- retardation
- *can present with beckwith-wiedeman syndrome (overgrowth of everything)
courvoisier’s sign… and is associated with …
- jaundice with palpable, non-tender gallbladder
- pancreatic cancer
what syndrome relates brain tumors and colorectal tumors? bonus for the genes involved… (2 different varieties)
- turcot’s syndrome
- APC mutation … polyposis and medulloblastoma
- hMLH1 (mismatch repair) … polyposis and GBM
what are the B symptoms (3) and what are they associated with?
- fever, night sweats, weight loss
- hodgkin and non-hodgkin lymphoma
what is struma overii
- tumor of the ovary that has thyroid tissue within (monodermal teratoma)
- often presents with symptoms of hyperthyroid
primary brain tumor with polycythemia? tell me as much as you can…
- tumor is hemangioblastoma, foamy cells with high vascularity on histopathology
- associated with von Hippel-Lindau, mutation of VHL gene on chromosome 3
aflatoxins are implicated in what type of cancer…
-hepatocellular carcinoma
nitrosamines are found in… and are associated with… cancer
- smoked foods
- gastric
tuberous sclerosis…
- learn this maybe?
- stem has all kinds of things wrong with someone lesions everywhere, all kinds of -omas
- typically intellectually delayed and with epilepsy
old man with multiple tumors in the spine, think about…
-METS from prostate cancer resulting in adenocarcinoma
second most common malignancy of children … associated genetic mutation … most common location for primary tumor?
- neuroblastoma
- N-myc
- adrenal medula
most common cancer of the bladder? and a few risk factors (3(one fun one))
- transitional cell carcinoma
- smoking, radiation (prostate), cyclophosphamide tx (oops)
painless hematuria makes you think … in adults and … in kids
- bladder cancer (transitional cell carcinoma most likely)
- IgA nephropathy
most common lung cancer overall, and most common lung cancer in never smokers, and women … where is it located… prognosis… tx …
- adenocarcinoma
- periphery
- excellent prognosis
- surgical excision
textile industry and aniline dies are associated with …
-transitional cell cancer
carcinogens associated with hepatocellular carcinoma (3)
- carbon tetracholride
- aflatoxins
- vinyl chloride
