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USMLE > oncology > Flashcards

oncology Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

pearly borders surrounded by fine telangiactasias (what is it, and what is the classic histology)

A
  • basal cell CA

- palisading nuclei and basal cell nests

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2
Q

squamous cell carcinoma (macro and histo findings)… preceded by…

A
  • red scaling plaque
  • keratin pearls
  • actinic keratosis
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3
Q

papillary carcinoma of the thyroid (2 characteristic path findings)

A

-orphan annie eyes and psammoma bodies

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4
Q

homer-wright cells are seen in… which primarily affects… and is located in…

A
  • medulloblastoma (most common brain tumor in kids)
  • causes obstructive hydrocephalus
  • form rosettes around neutropils
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5
Q

link the brain tumor to the path…

  • psammoma bodies
  • perinuclear halo
  • foamy cells and high vascularity
  • rod shaped perinuclear inclusions and pseudo rosettes
A
  • meningioma (older women)
  • oligodendroglioma (adults)
  • hemangioblastoma (adults)
  • ependymoma (kids)
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6
Q

ras gene and its relation to cancer

A

-ras is a G-protein which when mutated can be activated by not inactivated, leading to constitutive activation

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7
Q

what is the most considerable risk factor for poor prognosis with melanoma?

A

-depth of invasion

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8
Q

name a common alkylating agent and its dangerous SE that is treated prophylactically with…

A
  • cyclophosphamide
  • hemorrhagic cystitis
  • mesna
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9
Q

t(14;18) is seen in… which messes with normal function of gene… on chromosome 14, and… on chromosome 18

A
  • follicular lymphoma
  • IgH
  • bcl-2 –> anti-apoptotic … over expressed in follicular lymphoma
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10
Q

most common renal tumor… association with (one behavioral and one genetic)… bonus point for chromosome number

A
  • clear cell renal carcinoma (75%)
  • smokers
  • von Hippel-Lindau (chromosome 3)
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11
Q

Rb is associated with…

A

-osteosarcoma

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12
Q

t(8:14)is a translocation affecting… gene on chromosome 8 and …gene on chromosome 14 is found in… which is associated with…

A
  • c-myc
  • heavy chain Ig
  • burkitts (starry sky)
  • EBV
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13
Q

multiple myeloma has two main sites of pathology… one of which can be due to many different etiologies, name a few… (one of which involves a congo stain)

A
  • lytic bone lesions (often in spine)
  • kidney –> hypercalciuria, bence-jones casts (Ig in urine), METS, amyloid deposits of Ig (can be seen as apple green on congo stain)
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14
Q

roleaux formation looks like… and is associated with…

A
  • single file line of RBCs

- multiple myeloma

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15
Q

most common primary brain tumor and associated histopath….

A
  • GBM (usually older pts)
  • irregular ring enhancing lesion with central necrosis
  • pseudopalisading
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16
Q

tx for SLCC…

A

-combo therapy with cisplatin and etoposide

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17
Q

what is a kruckenberg tumor…. classic histology… most common site for the primary lesion…

A
  • mucin producing tumor, most commonly primary to the stomach but can be anywhere on the GI tract
  • signet ring cells
  • often associated with ovarian METS
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18
Q

t(9;22) is a problem with the… gene on chromosome 9 and … gene on chromosome 22. it is associated with… which can progress to…

A
  • abl (oncogene)
  • bcr (unknown function)
  • CML
  • blast crisis, AML
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19
Q

smudge cells are seen in…

A

-CLL/SLL

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20
Q

trousseau sign is… and is associated with…

A
  • migratory thrombophlebitis (appearing and disappearing clots in peripheral vasculature, causing pain and swelling)
  • pancreatic adenocarcinoma
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21
Q

ewing’s sarcoma… who… where… histo

A
  • boys, age <15
  • diaphysis of long bones
  • sheets of small blue cells
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22
Q

tumor of bone in young/middle aged womens… imaging…

A
  • giant cell tumor, locally aggressive
  • epiphysis of long bones
  • soap bubble
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23
Q

methotrexate can be used as an anti-neoplastic agent, but also as… (2)

A
  • immunosuppressant

- abortfacient

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24
Q

tumor marker in hepatocellular carcinoma… which is also raised in…

A
  • AFP

- yok sac tumor

25
Q

TRAP protein is associated with…

A

-b-lymphocyte tumors

26
Q

hepatocellular carcinoma WITHOUT preceding cirrhosis?

A

-HBV (which is hepadnavirus)

27
Q

knowing the HER2/neu and c-erbB2 is helpful in assessing effectiveness of tx of …. cancer with …. drug

A
  • invasive breast cancer

- trastuzumab

28
Q

superior venacava syndrome (pathogenesis)

A
  • due to compression of superior vena cava, most often from squamous cell carcinoma of the lung
  • leads to swelling of head and neck
29
Q

myasthenic like syndrome called… seen with underlying…

A
  • lambert eaton myesthenic syndrome

- small cell lung cancer

30
Q

rituximab is targeted at … marker on cells, seen in …. (type of cancer)

A
  • CD20

- follicular lymphoma

31
Q

bitemoral vistibular schwannomas are pathognomonic for … which is also associated with… (2). it is due to a defect in… gene on chromosome….

A
  • nuerofibromatosis type 2
  • blurry vision and meningiomas
  • merlin (or NF2) gene on chromosome 22
32
Q

cells with bilobed nuclei staining positive for CD15 and CD30… associated with …

A
  • reed sternberg cells

- hodgkin’s lymphoma

33
Q

AML pts are at increased risk for…

A

-DIC

34
Q

gastric cancer is associated with… (4)

A
  • dietary nitrosamines (smoked foods)
  • H.pylori
  • pernicious anemia
  • japaneese
35
Q

extra-gastric signs of gastric cancer (3)

A
  • virchow node (supraclavicular)
  • sister mary josephy node (para-umbilical)
  • blumer’s shelf node (rectal shelf)
36
Q

promyelocytic leukemia is due to a translocation between… gene on chromosome …. and … gene on chromosome … and buzzword

A
  • t(15;17)
  • PML on 15
  • retinoic acid receptor on 17
  • auer rods
37
Q

what chromosome is familial adenomatous polyposis located on?

A

-chromosome 5

38
Q

molar pregnancy, what is it and how does it present?

A
  • fertilized egg that has lost it’s chromosomes or egg fertilized with two sperm
  • month 4 or 5 with vaginal bleeding, markedly enlarged uterus and markedly elevated B-hCG
39
Q

most common fetal neoplasm? (also where and why this type?)

A
  • teratoma

- sacrococcygeal, remnant of the primitive streak, has the potential to develop into many tissue types

40
Q

coin lesion and PTHrP suggest…. which is located…

A
  • squamous cell carcinoma of the lung

- centrally located, bronchogenic

41
Q

wilms tumor… presentation, gene, chromosome

A
  • 2-4 yr old, non-painful mass
  • deletion of WT1 (tumor suppressor gene)
  • chromosome 11
42
Q

sarcoma (what does that even mean)

A

-neoplasm of mesenchymal origin… bone, muscle, fat

43
Q

cancers that commonly MET to the brain (only 15% of cancers do! name 3)

A
  • primarily breast and lung, and then melanoma

- intracranial METs are responsible for 50% of brain tumors

44
Q

WAGR… get after it

A
  • wilms tumor
  • aniridia (partial or complete loss of iris)
  • genital/genitourinary abnormalities
  • retardation
  • *can present with beckwith-wiedeman syndrome (overgrowth of everything)
45
Q

courvoisier’s sign… and is associated with …

A
  • jaundice with palpable, non-tender gallbladder

- pancreatic cancer

46
Q

what syndrome relates brain tumors and colorectal tumors? bonus for the genes involved… (2 different varieties)

A
  • turcot’s syndrome
  • APC mutation … polyposis and medulloblastoma
  • hMLH1 (mismatch repair) … polyposis and GBM
47
Q

what are the B symptoms (3) and what are they associated with?

A
  • fever, night sweats, weight loss

- hodgkin and non-hodgkin lymphoma

48
Q

what is struma overii

A
  • tumor of the ovary that has thyroid tissue within (monodermal teratoma)
  • often presents with symptoms of hyperthyroid
49
Q

primary brain tumor with polycythemia? tell me as much as you can…

A
  • tumor is hemangioblastoma, foamy cells with high vascularity on histopathology
  • associated with von Hippel-Lindau, mutation of VHL gene on chromosome 3
50
Q

aflatoxins are implicated in what type of cancer…

A

-hepatocellular carcinoma

51
Q

nitrosamines are found in… and are associated with… cancer

A
  • smoked foods

- gastric

52
Q

tuberous sclerosis…

A
  • learn this maybe?
  • stem has all kinds of things wrong with someone lesions everywhere, all kinds of -omas
  • typically intellectually delayed and with epilepsy
53
Q

old man with multiple tumors in the spine, think about…

A

-METS from prostate cancer resulting in adenocarcinoma

54
Q

second most common malignancy of children … associated genetic mutation … most common location for primary tumor?

A
  • neuroblastoma
  • N-myc
  • adrenal medula
55
Q

most common cancer of the bladder? and a few risk factors (3(one fun one))

A
  • transitional cell carcinoma

- smoking, radiation (prostate), cyclophosphamide tx (oops)

56
Q

painless hematuria makes you think … in adults and … in kids

A
  • bladder cancer (transitional cell carcinoma most likely)

- IgA nephropathy

57
Q

most common lung cancer overall, and most common lung cancer in never smokers, and women … where is it located… prognosis… tx …

A
  • adenocarcinoma
  • periphery
  • excellent prognosis
  • surgical excision
58
Q

textile industry and aniline dies are associated with …

A

-transitional cell cancer

59
Q

carcinogens associated with hepatocellular carcinoma (3)

A
  • carbon tetracholride
  • aflatoxins
  • vinyl chloride

USMLE (17 decks)

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