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MSK Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

achondroplasia - gene mutation, pathophys

A
  • most common inherited form of dwarfism
  • mutation in FGF-3 (fibroblast growth factor 3)
  • results in premature endochondral ossification leading to proximal limb shortening, frontal bossing, etc
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2
Q

ankylosing spondylitis (genetic factors, associated complications)

A
  • HLA-B27

- uveitis and aortic regurg

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3
Q

osteogenesis imperfecta (type of collagen and affected tissues, genetics)

A
  • defect in formation of type I collagen, due to AD mutation
  • collagen I important in tensile strength, affected tissues: bone, skin, tendons, ears, teeth (blue sclera)
  • defect in translation of mRNA
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4
Q

radial nerve innervation

A
  • anterior compartment of the forearm except flexor carpi ulnaris and ulnar portion of flexor digitorum profundi
  • thenar muscles and first and second lumbricals in the hand
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5
Q

ulnar n. innervation

A
  • flexor carpi ulnaris and ulnar portion of the flexor digitorum profundi
  • all of the muscles of the hand except thenar and lumbricals
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6
Q

median n. innervation

A

-entire posterior compartment of the forearm

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7
Q

heberden’s nodes

A

-enlargement of DIPs

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8
Q

RA vs OA

A

-OA: heberden’s nodes, weight bearing joints, degenerative disease, progressive, better after rest

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9
Q

giant cell arteritis

A
  • common cause of unilateral or bilateral blindness
  • associated with HA, fatigue, and polymyalgia rheumatologica (PMR)
  • tx: high dose corticosteroids
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10
Q

gout (diagnosis (crystals), extraarticular manifestations and tx, both acute and chronic)

A
  • negatively birefringant
  • gout nephropathy and tophi are most common
  • acute tx: indomethacin (or other NSAID) to treat inflammation and pain, colchicine
  • chronic tx: allopurinol (decrease uric acid formaiton) and/or probenecid (increase excretion in urine)
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11
Q

4 muscles of jaw movement

A
  • M’s munch and lateral lowers
  • masseter, medial pterygoid and teMporalis
  • lateral pterygoid
  • all innervated by V3
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12
Q

ehlers-danlos (genetics, collagen type, sequelae)

A
  • defect in collagen cross-linking
  • collagen type III
  • sequelae: scoliosis, vascular disorders, spontaneous ruptures of vessels and organs, retinal detachment
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13
Q

prostate cancer (associated lesion?)

A

-osteoblastic lesion

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14
Q

guillen-barre

A
  • autoimmune, destruction of schwann cells
  • starts distally, ascends symmetrically
  • often follows camp. jejuni infection
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15
Q

cremaster muscle

A
  • derived from internal oblique
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16
Q

sero-negative spondyloarthropathy

A
  • reactive arthritis

- extra-articiular manifestations: conjunctivitis, arthritis

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17
Q

lyme disease (signs and symptoms) FAKE

A

-FAKE

facial nerve palsy, oligoarthritis, kardiac block, erythema migricans

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18
Q

ANCA vasculitides (what does ANCA mean, 3 vasculitides and p-ANCA vs c-ANCA)

A
  • antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody
  • allergic granulomatosis and angiitis (churg-strauss)… eos, allergies/asthma… p-ANCA
  • microscopic polyangiitis… p-ANCA
  • granulomatosis and polyangiitis (wegners)… c-ANCA
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19
Q

rocky mountain spotted fever (common symptoms, causative agent, tx)

A
  • rash starting on palms of hands and soles of feet, fever
  • caused by rickettsia rickettsii, obligate intracellular parasite bacterium
  • tx: tetracycline antibiotics ASAP
20
Q

polyarteritis nodosum

A
  • affects small to medium arteries, especially renal, GI and cardiac
  • up to 20% of pts have Hx of HBV
  • tx: with immunosuppression: glucocorticoids and/or cylcophosphamide
21
Q

beurger’s vasculitis

A
  • affects arteries of the extremities: claudication and raynauds
  • often heavy smokers–> tx: quit smoking
22
Q

takayasu’s vasculitis

A
  • fibrotic thickening of the aortic arch (sometimes pulmonary arteries and rest of aorta)
  • weaker pulses in upper extremities than lower
  • tx: with steroids are CABG in non-responsive pts.
23
Q

kawasaki’s

A
  • oral erythema, conjunctivitis, edema and erythema of soles and palms, fever and enlarged nodes
  • often self limited
  • tx: with IV IG
24
Q

toxic shock syndrome

A
  • tsst-1, superantigen produced by staph infection
  • creates non-specific activation of t-lymphocytes
  • gram positive cocci on culture
25
Q

most commonly injured ligament in ankle sprain

A

-anterior talofibular ligament

26
Q

radial nerve innervates…

A

BEST

  • brachioradialis
  • extensors of wrist and fingers
  • supinator
  • triceps
27
Q

most common cause of osteomyelitis in kids

A

-staph aureus

28
Q

winging scapula

A
  • injury to serratus anterior or long thoracic n.

- C5,6 and 7

29
Q

anti-jo-1 antibodies

A
  • polymyositis and dermatomyositis

- other signs/symptoms: symmetric proximal muscle weakness, heliotrope rash, elevated muscle enzymes

30
Q

sjøgrens

A
  • typically women, 35-45
  • dry eyes, dry mouth and some other autoimmune or connective tissue disease
  • HLA DR-3
31
Q

polymyositis vs dermatomyositis

A
  • both: symmetric progressive proximal muscle weakness
  • poly: shawl rash, CD-8 T cells
  • dermato: shawl and malar rash, CD-4 T cells, increase risk of malignancy, mechanics hands, gottron papules
32
Q

osteomyelitis (common causes)

A

-IV drug users–> pseudomonas

33
Q

3rd branchial arch

A

-stylopharyngeus, innervated by CN IX

34
Q

injuries of superior and inferior gluteal n. (common associations and affected movements)

A
  • superior: unable to stabilize hip when walking, swing straight leg circumferentially, associated with polio
  • inferior: difficulty standing or jumping, defect with innervation to gluteus maximus, associated with hip dislocation
35
Q

common type of fracture in child abuse

A

-spiral (twisting arm)

36
Q

ewing’s sarcoma

A
  • boys under 15, aggressive, but responsive to chemo
  • small blue cells
  • 11-22 translocation (patrick ewing’s number was 33)
37
Q

osteosarcoma

A
  • young men, 10-20 years old, often at metaphysis of long bones
  • most common malignant tumor of the bone
38
Q

waiters tip palsy

A
  • stretching of C5-C6 nerve roots during birth, affects superior trunk
  • arm is adducted, flexed and medially rotated
39
Q

association with giant cell arteritis

A

-polymyalgia rheumatica

40
Q

JIA (juvenile idiopathic arthritis)

A
  • spiking and remitting fever that coincides with salmon-pink rash, also joint pain
  • no Rh factor typically
  • tx: NSAID, corticosteroids, IVIG etc
41
Q

osteopetrosis

A
  • failure of osteoclasts, bone marrow is replaced by bony matrix–> hematopoeisis fails, starts producing extramedullary
  • brittle bones
  • AD: less malignant, can be found incidentally
  • AR: more malignant, usually fatal in utero or perinatal period
42
Q

RRF (ragged red fibers)

A
  • mitochondrial inheritance myopathy

- all kinds of bad symptoms

43
Q

rhuematic fever

A
  • group a beta-hemolytic strep (strep pyogenes)

- 2 of 5: migratory polyarthritis, carditis, subQ nodules, spreading circular erythema, chorea

44
Q

most common hernia and anatomical predisposition

A

-indirect, due to failure of processes vaginalis to close

45
Q

formation of long bones vs facial bones and skull bones (type of ossification)

A
  • long bones: endochondral ossification, osteoblasts deposit minerals over hyaline cartilage mold
  • facial/skull bones: membranous ossification, osteoblasts weave bone de novo
46
Q

Tom, Dick And Very Nervous Harry

A

-Tibialis posterior, flexor Digitorum longus, posterior tibial Artery, Vein, Nerve and flexor Hallucis

USMLE (17 decks)

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