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year 2 EMS MOD > Repair and Regeneration > Flashcards

Repair and Regeneration Flashcards

1
Q

what’s the two different types of inflammation?

A

acute and chronic

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2
Q

what are the physiological changes to the cells after a repair?

A

scar formation
loss of function
cells cannot regrow

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3
Q

what are the physiological changes to the cell after a regeneration?

A

cells can regrow

restoration of the normal structure and function

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4
Q

what are the two most important factors in determining the outcome of injury?

A

the ability of the cells to replicate

the ability to rebuild complex architectural structures.

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5
Q

what are the stages of the cell cycle?

A

G1,
S,
G2,
M,

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6
Q

what are the characteristics of labile cell populations

A

High normal turnover
active stem cell population
excellent regenerative capacity

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7
Q

give an example of a labile cell population?

A

epithelia

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8
Q

what are the characteristics of stable cell populations?

A

low physiological turnover
turnover can massively increase if needed
good regenerative capacity

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9
Q

what is another name for stable cell populations

A

Quiescent

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10
Q

what is examples of quiescent cell populations?

A

liver, renal tubules

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11
Q

what are the characteristics of permanent cell populations?

A

No physiological turnover
long life cells
no regenerative capacity

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12
Q

give an example of a type of cells that have no regenerative capacity?

A

neurons

striated muscle cells

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13
Q

what type of replication do stem cells undergo?

A

asymmetric replication

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14
Q

where are stem cell pools present?

A

labile and stable cell populations

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15
Q

why is the survival of stem cells important and how can the survival be threatened?

A

CRUCIAL to regeneration

its vulnerable to radiation injury

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16
Q

what type of cell population are hepatocytes?

A

stable

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17
Q

how is regeneration of cells controlled?

A

contact inhibition
growth factors
cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions

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18
Q

explain the mechanism in which a minor skin abrasion that has is lost epidermis is regenerated?

A

cells at margins proliferate and spread out as a thin sheet across the dermis
once defect is covered, the stimulus for them to proliferate and mover is switched off via - contact inhibition.
Epidermis then grows from the base upwards

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19
Q

what is organisation 1?

A

this is the repair of specialised tissue by formation of fibrous scar.

20
Q

what is produced in organisation 1?

A

granulation tissue produced on scaffold of fibrin

21
Q

what is organisation 2?

A

this where the granulation tissue contracts and accumulates collagen, forming a scar

22
Q

what is organisation a consequence of?

A

pneumonia a d infarction

23
Q

what is the constituents of granulation tissue

A 
capillary loops
phagocytic cells 
- neutrophils 
-macrophages 
myofibroblasts
24
Q

why is wound contraction important?

A

important for reducing volume of tissue for repair - reduce by 80%

25
Q

what is healing by first intention?

A

this is a clean surgical wound which has been closed at the end of the procedure to maximise chance of healing

26
Q

what are the stages for healing by first intention

A
  1. edges of the incision are joined by thin layer of fibrin. replaced by collagen covered by surface epidermis
  2. coagulated blood forms a scab
  3. epidermis grows over defect
27
Q

why is a keratin filled cyst formed?

A

if the wound is still gaping after epidermis grows over defect, epidermal cells can grown down into defect. these usually stop growing but can remain and form the cyst.

28
Q

what is a residual defect of healing by first intention?

A

inability to reconstruct the elastic network within the dermis

29
Q

what is the difference between healing by second intention and first intention

A

fundamentally not a different process.
but the wound edges are not apposed.
more extensive scarring

30
Q

what are some local factors that inhibit healing

A 
infection 
haematoma 
blood supply 
foreign bodies 
mechanical stress
31
Q

what are some systemic factors inhibit healing

A 
age 
drugs i.e. steroids 
anaemia 
diabetes 
malnutrition 
catabolic states 
vitamin c deficiency 
trace metal deficiency
32
Q

why does steroids inhibit healing?

A

it has immunosuppressive actions and therefore interfere with formation of granulation tissue

33
Q

why does vitamin D deficiency inhibit healing?

A

vit. C is involved in collagen synthesis. collagen main protein in the ECM.

34
Q

what is Keloid?

A

this is a dermal injury that sometimes followed by excessive fibroblast proliferation and collagen production. this is a genetically determined process

35
Q

what are the steps of fracture healing?

A
  1. a haematoma is formed and organised.
  2. removal of necrotic fragments
  3. osteoblasts lay down disorganised woven bone
  4. remodelling according to mechanical stress
  5. replacement by more orderly lamellar bone
36
Q

where are EGF from?

A

platelets
macrophages
saliva
plasma

37
Q

what is the function of EGF?

A

mitogenic for keratinocytes and fibroblasts

stimulates granulation tissue formation

38
Q

where are TGF-B

A 
platelets 
T Lymphocytes 
macrophages 
endothelial cells 
keratinocytes 
smooth muscle cells 
fibroblasts
39
Q

what is the function of the TGF-B?

A

chemotactic for PMNs, macrophages, lymphocytes, fibroblasts and smooth muscle cells

stimulate TIMP synthesis angiogenesis and fibroplasia

inhibits production MMPs and keratinocyte proliferation

40
Q

where is PDGF from?

A

platelets, macrophages, endothelial cells, keratinocytes and smooth muscle cells

41
Q

what is the function of the PDGF?

A

chemotactic for PMNs, macrophages, fibroblasts and smooth muscle cells

activates PMNs, macrophages and fibroblasts

mitogenic for fibroblasts, endothelial cells and smooth muscle cells

stimulates production of MMPs, fibronectin and HA stimulates angiogenesis

42
Q

where is KGF from?

A

fibroblasts

43
Q

what is the function of KGF?

A

Stimulates keratinocytes migration, proliferation and differentation

44
Q

where is TNF from

A

macrophages, mast cells, T lymphocytes

45
Q

what is the function of TNF?

A

activates macrophages, regulates other cytokines

46
Q

where is the VEGF

A

many types of cells

47
Q

what is the function of VEGF?

A

increases vascular permeability

mitogenic for endothelial cells

year 2 EMS MOD (17 decks)

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