abnormal growth, differentiation and morphogenesis Flashcards
why do cells adapt?
acquire new, steady state of metabolism and structure
better equip cells to survive in a new environment
failure of adaption may lead to sub-lethal or lethal cell injury
what is physiological cellular adaption?
responding to normal changes in physiology or demand
what is pathological cellular adaption?
responding to disease related changes
what are the different types of adaptive response?
increased cellular activity
decreased cellular activity
change of cell function and or morphology
what is hypertrophy?
increase in size of existing cells
where is hypertrophic cells most seen?
it is particularly seen in permanent cells populations especially cardiac and skeletal muscles
how would you diagnose LVH?
clinical examination
ECG
Imaging
problems associated with LVH?
problems with blood supply to the body
where is sub cellular hypertrophy?
increase in size and number of sub cellular
what is a common example of subcellular hypertrophy?
smooth ER hypertrophy in hepatocytes with barbiturates
what is hyperplasia?
increase in number of cells caused by cell division
what is atrophy?
reduction in size of organ or tissue by decrease in cell size or number
what is the pathological atrophy?
decreased workload (disuse atrophy) loss of innervation (denervation atrophy) diminished blood supply inadequate nutrition (cachexia) loss of endocrine stimulation pressure
what is the mechanisms of atrophy?
reduction in volume of individual cells
death of individual cells
what is metaplasia
transformation of one differentiated cell type into another
what cells do metaplasia effect?
physiological or pathological
what is dysplasia?
earliest morphological manifestation of multistage process of neoplasia (hence irreversible)
why is the recognition of dysplasia so important?
it gives us a chance to treat a potentially fatal tumour before it arises; the abnormal cells have not yet acquired the capacity for invasion so they cannot spread
what is the process from dysplasia to cancer?
- very mild/ mild dysplasia
- moderate dysplasia
- severe dysplasia
- in situ carcinoma
- invasive carcinoma
what is a glandular metaplasia in oesophagus called?
adenocarcinoma
what is endometrial hyperplasia due to increased oestrogens?
adenocarcinoma
what is a squamous metaplasia in bronchus called?
dysplasia and squamous cell carcinoma
what is a parathyroid hyperplasia due to chronic renal failure?
adenoma
what is the stimulus for pseudostratified ciliated bronchial epithelium and what is the metaplastic tissue?
cigarette smoke and it changes to squamous epithelium
