abnormal growth, differentiation and morphogenesis

Question 1

why do cells adapt?

Answer 1

acquire new, steady state of metabolism and structure

better equip cells to survive in a new environment

failure of adaption may lead to sub-lethal or lethal cell injury

Question 2

what is physiological cellular adaption?

Answer 2

responding to normal changes in physiology or demand

Question 3

what is pathological cellular adaption?

Answer 3

responding to disease related changes

Question 4

what are the different types of adaptive response?

Answer 4

increased cellular activity

decreased cellular activity

change of cell function and or morphology

Question 5

what is hypertrophy?

Answer 5

increase in size of existing cells

Question 6

where is hypertrophic cells most seen?

Answer 6

it is particularly seen in permanent cells populations especially cardiac and skeletal muscles

Question 7

how would you diagnose LVH?

Answer 7

clinical examination
ECG
Imaging

Question 8

problems associated with LVH?

Answer 8

problems with blood supply to the body

Question 9

where is sub cellular hypertrophy?

Answer 9

increase in size and number of sub cellular

Question 10

what is a common example of subcellular hypertrophy?

Answer 10

smooth ER hypertrophy in hepatocytes with barbiturates

Question 11

what is hyperplasia?

Answer 11

increase in number of cells caused by cell division

Question 12

what is atrophy?

Answer 12

reduction in size of organ or tissue by decrease in cell size or number

Question 13

what is the pathological atrophy?

Answer 13

decreased workload (disuse atrophy) 
loss of innervation (denervation atrophy)
diminished blood supply 
inadequate nutrition (cachexia)
loss of endocrine stimulation 
pressure

Question 14

what is the mechanisms of atrophy?

Answer 14

reduction in volume of individual cells

death of individual cells

Question 15

what is metaplasia

Answer 15

transformation of one differentiated cell type into another

Question 16

what cells do metaplasia effect?

Answer 16

physiological or pathological

Question 17

what is dysplasia?

Answer 17

earliest morphological manifestation of multistage process of neoplasia (hence irreversible)

Question 18

why is the recognition of dysplasia so important?

Answer 18

it gives us a chance to treat a potentially fatal tumour before it arises; the abnormal cells have not yet acquired the capacity for invasion so they cannot spread

Question 19

what is the process from dysplasia to cancer?

Answer 19

1. very mild/ mild dysplasia
2. moderate dysplasia
3. severe dysplasia
4. in situ carcinoma
5. invasive carcinoma

Question 20

what is a glandular metaplasia in oesophagus called?

Answer 20

adenocarcinoma

Question 21

what is endometrial hyperplasia due to increased oestrogens?

Answer 21

adenocarcinoma

Question 22

what is a squamous metaplasia in bronchus called?

Answer 22

dysplasia and squamous cell carcinoma

Question 23

what is a parathyroid hyperplasia due to chronic renal failure?

Answer 23

adenoma

Question 24

what is the stimulus for pseudostratified ciliated bronchial epithelium and what is the metaplastic tissue?

Answer 24

cigarette smoke and it changes to squamous epithelium

Question 25

what is the transitional epithelium of bladder stimulus to change into metaplastic tissue?

Answer 25

bladder calculus,
schistosomiasis
longstanding catheter

Question 26

why does fibrocollagenous tissue change into bone?

Answer 26

due to chronic trauma

Question 27

why does oesophageal squamous epithelium change to columnar epithelium?

Answer 27

due to acid reflux

Question 28

what tissues does metaplasia effect?

Answer 28

epithelium and mesenchymal tissues

Question 29

why does metaplasia occur?

Answer 29

to better adapt to new environment