characteristics of tumour Flashcards

1
Q

what is a tumour?

A

a swelling or mass of any kind

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2
Q

what is the five pillars/characteristics of inflammation?

A
Calor
rubor
tumor
dolor
functiolease
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3
Q

what is neoplasia

A

new, uncontrolled growth of cells that is not under physiologic control

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4
Q

What is the definition of cancer?

A

a generic term for a large group of diseases characterised by the growth of abnormal cells beyond their usual boundaries that can then invade adjoining parts of the body and or spread to other organs

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5
Q

what are the 8 hallmarks of cancer?

A
  • deregulating cellular energetics
  • sustaining proliferative signalling
  • evading growth suppressors
  • avoiding immune destruction
  • enabling replicative immortality
  • activating invasion and metastasis
  • inducing angiogenesis
  • resisting cell death
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6
Q

what is embryological histogenesis?

A

the formation of differentiated tissues from undifferentiated endoderm, ectoderm and mesoderm cells

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7
Q

how are tumours named?

A

tumours named according to the tissues from which they arise

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8
Q

what is anaplasia?

A

a neoplasm that is poorly differentiated and highly pleomorphic

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9
Q

what tumours have the highest incidence rate in the uk female population

A
  1. Breast - 31%
  2. Other (combination of cancers) - 46%
  3. lung -13%
  4. bowel - 10%
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10
Q

what is the most common cancers that cause cancer deaths in females?

A

other ( mixture of cancers) - 55%

lung - 21%

breast - 15%

bowel - 10%

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11
Q

what is the three most common cancers in males?

A

other ‘(mixture of cancers) - 48%

prostate - 26%

lung - 14%

bowel - 13%

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12
Q

what is the most common types of cancers that cause cancer deaths in males?

A

other (mixture of cancers) - 55%

lung - 21%

prostate - 14%

bowel - 10%

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13
Q

do malignant tumours metastasise and where to?

A

may metastasise

  • lymphatic
  • haematogenous
  • direct seeding
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14
Q

what is the rate of growth of benign tumours vs malignant?

A

benign tumours have a slow rate of growth

malignant tumours have a fast rate of growth (division exceeds cell death)

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15
Q

what tumour complications effects can a primary tumour have on the body?

A

it can

A. invade into and replace normal tissue and therefore cause failure of that organ to function

B. Causes pressure on normal tissue and cause failure of that organ to function

C. invasion into blood vessels can cause bleeding

D. pressure on blood vessels can cause ischaemia

E. pressure/invasion into nerves can cause loss of nerve function/pain

F. ulceration

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16
Q

what tumour complication effects can distant metastases cause?

A

A. invasion into/ pressure on organs normal tissues

B. Invasion/ pressure on vessels

C. invasion into/ Pressure on nerves

D. growth into lumens

17
Q

what are paraneoplastic syndromes?

A

signs and symptoms that are NOT related to local effects of the primary or metastatic tumours

18
Q

why does paraneoplastic tumours develop?

A

develop as a result of either

A. proteins/hormones secreted by tumour cells

B. immune cross reactivity between tumour cells and normal tissues

19
Q

what is stroma?

A

cells that support the parenchyma

20
Q

what is parenchyma and give an example?

A

cells that perform actual function of an organ eg. cells that do gas exchange in the lungs

21
Q

what are main cell types in the stroma?

A

blood vessels

fibroblasts (+ the collagen they make)

immune cells

22
Q

what is the function of fibroblasts in tumour stroma?

A

sustain proliferative signalling

evade growth suppressors

avoid immune destruction

activating invasion and metastasis

inducing angiogenesis

resisting cell death

deregulating cellular energetics

23
Q

what is the function of blood vessels in tumour stroma?

A

sustaining proliferative signalling

avoiding immune destruction

activating invasion and metastasis

resisting cell death