characteristics of tumour Flashcards
what is a tumour?
a swelling or mass of any kind
what is the five pillars/characteristics of inflammation?
Calor rubor tumor dolor functiolease
what is neoplasia
new, uncontrolled growth of cells that is not under physiologic control
What is the definition of cancer?
a generic term for a large group of diseases characterised by the growth of abnormal cells beyond their usual boundaries that can then invade adjoining parts of the body and or spread to other organs
what are the 8 hallmarks of cancer?
- deregulating cellular energetics
- sustaining proliferative signalling
- evading growth suppressors
- avoiding immune destruction
- enabling replicative immortality
- activating invasion and metastasis
- inducing angiogenesis
- resisting cell death
what is embryological histogenesis?
the formation of differentiated tissues from undifferentiated endoderm, ectoderm and mesoderm cells
how are tumours named?
tumours named according to the tissues from which they arise
what is anaplasia?
a neoplasm that is poorly differentiated and highly pleomorphic
what tumours have the highest incidence rate in the uk female population
- Breast - 31%
- Other (combination of cancers) - 46%
- lung -13%
- bowel - 10%
what is the most common cancers that cause cancer deaths in females?
other ( mixture of cancers) - 55%
lung - 21%
breast - 15%
bowel - 10%
what is the three most common cancers in males?
other ‘(mixture of cancers) - 48%
prostate - 26%
lung - 14%
bowel - 13%
what is the most common types of cancers that cause cancer deaths in males?
other (mixture of cancers) - 55%
lung - 21%
prostate - 14%
bowel - 10%
do malignant tumours metastasise and where to?
may metastasise
- lymphatic
- haematogenous
- direct seeding
what is the rate of growth of benign tumours vs malignant?
benign tumours have a slow rate of growth
malignant tumours have a fast rate of growth (division exceeds cell death)
what tumour complications effects can a primary tumour have on the body?
it can
A. invade into and replace normal tissue and therefore cause failure of that organ to function
B. Causes pressure on normal tissue and cause failure of that organ to function
C. invasion into blood vessels can cause bleeding
D. pressure on blood vessels can cause ischaemia
E. pressure/invasion into nerves can cause loss of nerve function/pain
F. ulceration
what tumour complication effects can distant metastases cause?
A. invasion into/ pressure on organs normal tissues
B. Invasion/ pressure on vessels
C. invasion into/ Pressure on nerves
D. growth into lumens
what are paraneoplastic syndromes?
signs and symptoms that are NOT related to local effects of the primary or metastatic tumours
why does paraneoplastic tumours develop?
develop as a result of either
A. proteins/hormones secreted by tumour cells
B. immune cross reactivity between tumour cells and normal tissues
what is stroma?
cells that support the parenchyma
what is parenchyma and give an example?
cells that perform actual function of an organ eg. cells that do gas exchange in the lungs
what are main cell types in the stroma?
blood vessels
fibroblasts (+ the collagen they make)
immune cells
what is the function of fibroblasts in tumour stroma?
sustain proliferative signalling
evade growth suppressors
avoid immune destruction
activating invasion and metastasis
inducing angiogenesis
resisting cell death
deregulating cellular energetics
what is the function of blood vessels in tumour stroma?
sustaining proliferative signalling
avoiding immune destruction
activating invasion and metastasis
resisting cell death
