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Histology Exam Review > Renal/ Urinary Histo > Flashcards

Renal/ Urinary Histo Flashcards

1
Q

How is vitamin D made?

A

the proximal convoluted tubule preforms the hydroxylase reaction to create vitamin D2 and D3.

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2
Q

what cells make and secrete renin?

Function of Renin?

A

made by: juxtamedullary kidney cells
Secreted by: afferent arterioles secrete it
Function: increases blood NaCl level, increases blood volume and blood pressure

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3
Q

Where is EPO made and What cells produce it?

A

Erythropoietin is made by the fibroblastic interstitial cells in the cortex (Proximal Convoluted Tubule)

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4
Q

What 3 things make up the glomerulus?

A
  1. fenestrated endothelial cells of the capillary
  2. basal lamina
  3. podocyte pedicles form filtration slits
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5
Q

What are the levels of hydrostatic pressure and oncotic (colloidal osmotic) pressure of the glomerulus that form the initial filtrate?

A

60mm Hg= gomerular hydrostatic pressure
32mm Hg = glomerular colloidal osmotic pressure
18mm Hg = Bowmen’s capsule pressure

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6
Q

What prevents more than 20% of the blood being filtered through the glomerulus?

A

high oncotic pressure

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7
Q

Difference of bowman’s capsule and glomerulus?

A
  • Fluids from blood in the glomerulus are collected in the Bowman’s capsule.
  • glomerulus is the capillary network (the ball) and Bowman’s capsule is the catchers mitt where all the initial filtrate then passes through to the PCT.
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8
Q

What levels of hydrostatic pressure of the glomerulus and Bowman’s capsule are profiltration?

A

high glomerular hydrostatic pressure

low bowman’s capsule oncotic pressure

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9
Q

What levels of hydrostatic pressure of the glomerulus and Bowman’s capsule are antifiltration?

A

high glomerular oncotic pressure

high bowman’s capsule hydrostatic pressure

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10
Q

type of epithelium of proximal convoluted tubule?

A

simple cuboidal/ columnar epithelium

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11
Q

what is the function of aldosterone?

A
  1. open apical sodium channels
  2. increases Na, K, ATPase in basolateral membrane
    - this pumps out sodium = sodium resorption from urine and water follows
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12
Q

how is GFR regulated extrinsically?

A
  • sympathetics (epinephrine) can constrict the afferent arterioles
  • renin angiotentin system
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13
Q

Where do thiazide diuretics target?

A

distal convoluted tubule - block NaCl cotransporter

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14
Q

where is ADH produced?

A

the supraoptic nucleus of the hypothalamus

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15
Q

how are proteins reabsorbed in the proximal convoluted tubule?

A

pinocytosis

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16
Q

fluid that exits the medulla from the thick ascending limb is……

A

hypotonic

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17
Q

what forms the macula densa?

A

thick ascending limb , it is a part of the juxtamedullary apparatus

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18
Q

what 3 types of cells are present in the filtration apparatus of the glomerulus and bowman’s capsule?

A
  1. fenestrated endothelial cells
  2. podocytes
  3. extraglomerular mesangial cells
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19
Q

what does the PCT secrete?

A

bile salts, creatine, antibiotics, prostaglandins, vitamin D, organic acids and bases

20
Q

how is GFR regulates intrinsically?

A
  • smooth muscle on afferent arterioles

- macula densa: tubuloglomerular feedback

21
Q

what produces aldosterone?

A

adrenal cortex: zona glomerulosa.

aldosterone= vital for life

22
Q

What are juxtamedullary cells?

A

smooth muscle cells of the afferent arteriole

23
Q

big picture of how to adjust GFR?

A

control flow rate by adjusting the formation of the initial filtrate

24
Q

how do loop diuretics work?

A

act on the thick ascending limb to inhibit the Na, K, Cl transporter = less osmotic pressure for water to be reabsorbed = increased urine production

25
Q

what blood supply supplies the vasa recta?

A

efferent arteriole

26
Q

what stimulates the release of ADH?

A

angiotensin 2

27
Q

what is the flow of O2 rich blood into the kidney?

A
  1. renal artery
  2. segmental branch
  3. interlobar artery
  4. arcuate artery
  5. interlobular artery
28
Q

glomerular mesangial cells function?

A
  1. support the capillary
  2. turn over the basal lamina
  3. contractile control of capillary diameter
29
Q 
Bladder
Mucosa: ?
Lamina Propria: ?
Submucosa: ?
Muscularis: ?
Adventitia: ?
A 
Bladder
Mucosa: urothelium
Lamina Propria: dense connective tissue
Submucosa: present
Muscularis: 3 layers
Adventitia: - upper portion is a serosa
30
Q 
Ureter
Mucosa: ?
Lamina Propria: ?
Submucosa: ?
Muscularis: ?
Adventitia: ?
A 
Ureter
Mucosa: urothelium
Lamina Propria: dense connective tissue
Submucosa: no submucosa
Muscularis: inner longitudinal, outer circular
Adventitia: yes
31
Q

where in the kidney does the lining become urothelium?

A

papillary ducts - now called urine ( in minor caylx = area cribosa)

32
Q

what gives rise to the peritubular capillaries?

A

efferent arterioles

33
Q

function of vasa recta?

A

counter current exchanger- maintains high salt content of medulla = passive exchange

34
Q

is the kidney permeable to proteins?

A

no- this is why the oncotic presssure of the glomerulus (albumin) builds up and prevents the further filtration of the blood.

35
Q

urinary vs vascular pole?

A

urinary pole - opening in glomerulus to the proximal convoluted tubule
vascular pole - afferent and efferent arterioles that enter and leave the glomerulus

36
Q

what produces oxytocin?

A

the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus

37
Q

where is angiotensinogen made?

what activates angiotensinogen?

A

liver

-renin converts angiotensinogen to angiotensin 1

38
Q

What is ACE?
Where is it made?
Function?

A
  • angiotensin converting enzyme
  • made by lungs
  • converts angiotensin 1 to 2
39
Q

Net effect of renin angiotensin system?

A
  1. water and salt resorption
  2. increase blood volume/pressure
  3. perfusion of juxtamedullary apparatus increases (macula densa)
40
Q

what does the affect of the stenosis of the right renal artery have?

A

reduces blood pressure in the right kidney.
-stimulates production of high levels of renin- over production of renin = hypertension bc kidney tries to increase blood flow.

41
Q

high NaCl levels monitored by the macula densa causes what?

A

ATP release which constricts the smooth muscle cells of afferent arteriole

42
Q

what affect does ANP have on the kidney?

A

ANP- atrial natriuretic peptide - dilates the afferent arterioles and constricts the efferent arterioles to increase GFR, decrease renin and decrease aldosterone.

43
Q

difference in epithelium and absorption the thin and thick loop of henle?

A

thin limb- simple squamous and passive reabsorption of Na+ and Cl-
Thick limb - simple cuboidal - active resorption of electrolytes

44
Q

intercalated cells

A

present in collecting duct- resorption of K+ and acid/base balance

45
Q

principal cells

A

more abundant in collecting ducts

  • regulate reabsorption of water and electrolytes
  • secrete K+
46
Q

loop diuretics target __________?

A

Na, K, Cl transporter

Histology Exam Review (8 decks)

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