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Histology Exam Review > Exam 2- GI system, Pancreas, Liver, Gallbladder > Flashcards

Exam 2- GI system, Pancreas, Liver, Gallbladder Flashcards

1
Q

Pharynx has wheat layers?

A

its has a mucosa, muscularis externa, and adventitia.

Lacks a muscularis mucosa and submucosa.

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2
Q

What is the order of muscles in the pharynx

A

longitudinal inner layer and circular outer layer

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3
Q

what are the retroperitoneal organs?

A 
SAD PUCKER
S- suprarental gland
A- aorta/ivc
D- duodenum (2nd and 3rd)
P-Pancreas
U-ureter
C-colon(ascending and descending)
K-kidneys
E-esophagus
R-rectum
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4
Q

epithelial layer of the pharynx and esophagus

A

stat. squamous non-keritanized epithelium

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5
Q

barretts esophagus does what to the esophagus

A

stratified squamous epithelium converts to simple collumnar= intestinal metaplasia

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6
Q

length of pits and glands in pylorus? Glands produce?

A

long pits, short glands

glands - mucous

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7
Q

length of pits and glands in cardia? glands produce?

A

short pits short glands

mucous

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8
Q

length of pits and glands in fundus and body? glands produce?

A

short pits long glands
parietal cells- gastric acid and gastric intrinsic factor
chief cells-pepsin and gastric lipase

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9
Q

stem cells found where in the stomach

A

btwn the pits and glands- the isthmus

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10
Q

g cell is what type of cell?

what does it secrete?

A

enteroendocrine cell

gastrin,gherlin,glucagon,histamine,serotonic, somatostatin

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11
Q

enterochromaffin releases ______ which does what?

A

histamine which stimulated parietal cells to produce acids

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12
Q

loss of parietal cells can cause what disorder?

A

pernicious anemia- b12 not protected by gastic intrinsic factor

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13
Q

vagus nerve affects parietal cells how

A

directly stimulates parietal cell or stimulated g-cells to produce gastrin which then stimulates the parietal cells to produce HCL

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14
Q

Secretin inhibits

A

secretion of gastrin from g cells and production of HCL from parietal cells

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15
Q

peptic ulcers have to puncture this layer completely to have bleading

A

muscularis mucosa

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16
Q

how can you treat peptic ulers?

A

block histamine receptors- inhibit parietal cells

antibiotics to control H. pylori

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17
Q

plica circularis are found where? and best seen where?

A

the small intestine- best seen in jejunum

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18
Q

what type of epithelium is the stomach, small intestine, and large intestine?

A

simple collumnar epithelium

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19
Q

plica circularis have what layers in them?

A

epithelium, lamina propria and submucosa

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20
Q

what is celiacs disease?

A

auto immune disorder that causes a loss of microvilli = malabsorption and abnormal immune response

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21
Q

what produces the bulk of bicarbonate in the duodenum?

A

enterocytes(absorptive collumnar cells)

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22
Q

chylomicrons

A

lipid +proteins

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23
Q

What are paneth cells? How do they do what they do?

A

innate immune cell, regulate microenvironments

release lysosomes, defensins

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24
Q

where are the paneth cells located?

A

the intestinal crypts- cyypths of liberkune.

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25
where are stem cells located in the small intestine?
the base of the cyypts
26
secretin
stimulates bicarbonate and water secretion in pancreas and bile ducts. inhibits parietal cells
27
CCK
stimulates pancreatic acinar cell secretion and smooth muscles contraction of the gall bladder
28
GIP
stimulates insulin secretion by b cell of pancreas
29
meisseners plexi
control the muscularis mucosa (movements of villi and plica circularis). Located in the submucosa
30
myenteric plexus (Auerbach's plexus)
primary regulator of intestinal motility. controls muscularis externa. located just above or inside the muscularis externa
31
brunners glands
located in the submucosa of the duodenum- secrete mucus and limmited bicarbonate
32
peyers patches
lymphatic aggregates. best seen in the ileum. more as you move rectally
33
mucosal associated lymphatic tissue
specialized epithelial cells over peyer's patches that function to endocytose antigens
34
where are TAG and iron absorbed?
duodenum
35
where is b12, GIF, and bile salt absorbed?
ileum
36
most digestive enzymes come from the
exocrine pancreas
37
hirschprungs disease
damage to myenteric plexus what controls the muscularis externa
38
GERD
gasto-esophageal reflux disease
39
does the large intestine have villi?
no
40
what makes up the taeniae coli?
3 bands of outer longitudinal layers of the muscularis externa
41
rectus has what type of epithelium
transition from simple columnar to statified squamous not keritinized
42
describe the appendix
no villi, smaller lumen, simple collumnar epithelium
43
inflammatory bowel disease
more orrurance in developed countries, disruption on homeostasis interactions of mucosal epithelium with immune system and bacteria ex chrones disease why- paneth cell defects
44
what type of secretion does not use a duct?
endocrine
45
halocrine
entire cell ruptures - sebacous glands
46
apocrine
apical portion of cell pinches off - mammary gland
47
merocrine
exocytosis of vessicles and membrane transprot of salts and h20 - sweat and salivary glands
48
what part of exocrine glands has lots of connective tissue
stroma
49
zymogen
inactive enzyme precursor
50
zymogens are activated by
removing peptide sections
51
exocrine pancrease stimulated by
cck and secretin
52
cck
stimulated bile flow and contraction of the gall bladder
53
secretin
casuses centroacinar cells and ducts to secrete hco3
54
intercalated duct epithelium and location
simple squamous | parenchyma
55
intralobular duct epithelium and location
simple cuboidal | parenchyma
56
interlobular duct epithelium and location
simple collumnar | stroma
57
the islets of langerhans produce what?
alpha cells-glucagon, b cells- insulin, and delta cells-somatostatin- inhibits a and b cells
58
acute pancreatitis
zymogens activated in pancreas=autodigestion of pancreas
59
pancreatic carcinoma is more common in what group of individuals?
women
60
what blood proteins does the liver produce
``` ATPFA: albumin transferin prothrombin fibrinogen angiotensiongen ```
61
breakdown product of hemoglobin
billirubin
62
blood compositon in the hepatic sinusoid
75% blood from portal vein | 25% blood from hepatic artery
63
flow of blood into the hepatocyte
blood, portal vein and hepatic artery,sinusoid, terminal heptic vein/central vein
64
zone one (periportal zone) of the hepatocytes has what processes?
``` freshes blood - most o2 and nutrients -largest mitochondria -endocytois 0highest regeneration activity -most glucuronidation ```
65
periportal zone produces glycogen from what source?
lactate
66
perivenous zone produces glycogen from what source?
glucose
67
What occurs at zone 3 of hepatocytes?
highest cytochrome p450 oxidation and reduction | fat deposited here
68
epithelium of hepatocytes
large cuboidal epithelium
69
disse
- perisinusoidal space | - filled with plasa and bathes microvilli f hepatocytes
70
macrophages of the liver? where are the found?
kupffer cells- found in the sinusoidal lining
71
what do kupffer cells do?
phagocytize aged erythrocytes
72
where are hepatic stellate cells located?
disse
73
what do hepatic stellate cells do?
store fat and fat soluble vitamina
74
what activated hepatic stellate cells?
HBV, HCV, Alcohol
75
What causes fibrosis of the liver?
Hepatic stellate cells are transformed into myofibroblasts which synthesize collagen after liver damage
76
hepatocytes secrete bile into where?
bile canicculi
77
bile canicculi are located where?
between the tight junctions of hepatocytes
78
bile ductules are lined with?
cholangiocytes cuboidal/columnar epithelium
79
flow of bile leaving the liver
L/R hepatic ducts, common hepatic duct, common bile duct, main pancreatic duct, hepatopancreatic ampula (ampula of vater/ major duodenal papilla)
80
bile recycling
enterohepatic recirculation
81
what layers does the gallbladder have
it is missing a muscularis mucosa and submucosa
82
epithelium of gall bladder
simple columnar
83
cholestasis
blockage of bile flow
84
cholecystitis
inflammation of gall bladder - right upper quadrant pain
85
cirrhosis of liver casues
decrease blood flow thus decreased removal of blood components and portal hypertension
86
what 2 things keep zymogens inactive?
low ph in acini | trypsin inhibitor
87
trypsinogen activated by?
enterokinase to trypsin
88
what 6 things gastric enteroendocrine cells release into the blood
``` GGGHSS gastin gherlin glucagon histamine serotonin somatostatin ```
89
parietal cells are stimulated by _________ to secrete HCL
gastin and histamine | -or by vagus nerve
90
what inhibits secretion of gastrin?
secretin from the duodenum and low pH in the stomach
91
what two things do chief cell secrete?
pepsinogen and gastic lipase
92
what are 3 intestinal enteroendocrine cells and their functions?
- first they are released into the blood 1. Secretin - stimulate bicarbonate secretion in the pancreas and bile ducts. inhibits parietal cells. 2. CCK - stimulate pancreatic acinar cell (zymogens) secretion and stimulates smooth muscle contraction by gall bladder 3. GIP - stimulated insulin secretion by beta cells in pancreas
93
what produces a bulk of the bicarbonate in the intestines?
enterocytes : absorptive columnar cells
94
what are paneth cells and what do they release and where are the located?
- innate immune cells that regulate microenvironment - release lysozyme and defensins - located in the intestinal crypts
95
what layers are Meisseners plexi and the Myenteric (Auerbach's) plexi located?
Meisseners plexi - submucosa | Myenteric (Auerbach's) plexi - musclularis externa
96
where layers are Brunners glands vs. crypts of liberkun (intestinal glands)?
Brunner's glands- submucosa (Duodenum) | crypts of liberkun (intestinal glands) - lamina propria
97
what is absorbed in the duodenum vs the ileum?
duodenum - triglycerides and iron | ileum - B12 + GIF and bile salts
98
where do most digestive enzymes come from?
the exocrine pancreas
99
location of stem cells in the stomach vs the intestine?
stomach- stem cells @ top of gland | intestine - stem cells @ base of glands
100
where are striated ducts located in the exocrine pancreas?
they are not. striated ducts only present in the oral cavity!!!!. There are intralobular ducts (simple cuboidal) instead

Histology Exam Review (8 decks)

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