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Histology Exam Review > Exam 2- GI system, Pancreas, Liver, Gallbladder > Flashcards

Exam 2- GI system, Pancreas, Liver, Gallbladder Flashcards

1
Q

Pharynx has wheat layers?

A

its has a mucosa, muscularis externa, and adventitia.

Lacks a muscularis mucosa and submucosa.

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2
Q

What is the order of muscles in the pharynx

A

longitudinal inner layer and circular outer layer

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3
Q

what are the retroperitoneal organs?

A 
SAD PUCKER
S- suprarental gland
A- aorta/ivc
D- duodenum (2nd and 3rd)
P-Pancreas
U-ureter
C-colon(ascending and descending)
K-kidneys
E-esophagus
R-rectum
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4
Q

epithelial layer of the pharynx and esophagus

A

stat. squamous non-keritanized epithelium

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5
Q

barretts esophagus does what to the esophagus

A

stratified squamous epithelium converts to simple collumnar= intestinal metaplasia

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6
Q

length of pits and glands in pylorus? Glands produce?

A

long pits, short glands

glands - mucous

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7
Q

length of pits and glands in cardia? glands produce?

A

short pits short glands

mucous

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8
Q

length of pits and glands in fundus and body? glands produce?

A

short pits long glands
parietal cells- gastric acid and gastric intrinsic factor
chief cells-pepsin and gastric lipase

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9
Q

stem cells found where in the stomach

A

btwn the pits and glands- the isthmus

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10
Q

g cell is what type of cell?

what does it secrete?

A

enteroendocrine cell

gastrin,gherlin,glucagon,histamine,serotonic, somatostatin

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11
Q

enterochromaffin releases ______ which does what?

A

histamine which stimulated parietal cells to produce acids

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12
Q

loss of parietal cells can cause what disorder?

A

pernicious anemia- b12 not protected by gastic intrinsic factor

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13
Q

vagus nerve affects parietal cells how

A

directly stimulates parietal cell or stimulated g-cells to produce gastrin which then stimulates the parietal cells to produce HCL

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14
Q

Secretin inhibits

A

secretion of gastrin from g cells and production of HCL from parietal cells

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15
Q

peptic ulcers have to puncture this layer completely to have bleading

A

muscularis mucosa

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16
Q

how can you treat peptic ulers?

A

block histamine receptors- inhibit parietal cells

antibiotics to control H. pylori

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17
Q

plica circularis are found where? and best seen where?

A

the small intestine- best seen in jejunum

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18
Q

what type of epithelium is the stomach, small intestine, and large intestine?

A

simple collumnar epithelium

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19
Q

plica circularis have what layers in them?

A

epithelium, lamina propria and submucosa

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20
Q

what is celiacs disease?

A

auto immune disorder that causes a loss of microvilli = malabsorption and abnormal immune response

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21
Q

what produces the bulk of bicarbonate in the duodenum?

A

enterocytes(absorptive collumnar cells)

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22
Q

chylomicrons

A

lipid +proteins

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23
Q

What are paneth cells? How do they do what they do?

A

innate immune cell, regulate microenvironments

release lysosomes, defensins

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24
Q

where are the paneth cells located?

A

the intestinal crypts- cyypths of liberkune.

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25
Q

where are stem cells located in the small intestine?

A

the base of the cyypts

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26
Q

secretin

A

stimulates bicarbonate and water secretion in pancreas and bile ducts. inhibits parietal cells

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27
Q

CCK

A

stimulates pancreatic acinar cell secretion and smooth muscles contraction of the gall bladder

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28
Q

GIP

A

stimulates insulin secretion by b cell of pancreas

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29
Q

meisseners plexi

A

control the muscularis mucosa (movements of villi and plica circularis). Located in the submucosa

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30
Q

myenteric plexus (Auerbach’s plexus)

A

primary regulator of intestinal motility. controls muscularis externa. located just above or inside the muscularis externa

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31
Q

brunners glands

A

located in the submucosa of the duodenum- secrete mucus and limmited bicarbonate

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32
Q

peyers patches

A

lymphatic aggregates. best seen in the ileum. more as you move rectally

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33
Q

mucosal associated lymphatic tissue

A

specialized epithelial cells over peyer’s patches that function to endocytose antigens

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34
Q

where are TAG and iron absorbed?

A

duodenum

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35
Q

where is b12, GIF, and bile salt absorbed?

A

ileum

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36
Q

most digestive enzymes come from the

A

exocrine pancreas

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37
Q

hirschprungs disease

A

damage to myenteric plexus what controls the muscularis externa

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38
Q

GERD

A

gasto-esophageal reflux disease

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39
Q

does the large intestine have villi?

A

no

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40
Q

what makes up the taeniae coli?

A

3 bands of outer longitudinal layers of the muscularis externa

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41
Q

rectus has what type of epithelium

A

transition from simple columnar to statified squamous not keritinized

42
Q

describe the appendix

A

no villi, smaller lumen, simple collumnar epithelium

43
Q

inflammatory bowel disease

A

more orrurance in developed countries, disruption on homeostasis interactions of mucosal epithelium with immune system and bacteria
ex chrones disease
why- paneth cell defects

44
Q

what type of secretion does not use a duct?

A

endocrine

45
Q

halocrine

A

entire cell ruptures - sebacous glands

46
Q

apocrine

A

apical portion of cell pinches off - mammary gland

47
Q

merocrine

A

exocytosis of vessicles and membrane transprot of salts and h20 - sweat and salivary glands

48
Q

what part of exocrine glands has lots of connective tissue

A

stroma

49
Q

zymogen

A

inactive enzyme precursor

50
Q

zymogens are activated by

A

removing peptide sections

51
Q

exocrine pancrease stimulated by

A

cck and secretin

52
Q

cck

A

stimulated bile flow and contraction of the gall bladder

53
Q

secretin

A

casuses centroacinar cells and ducts to secrete hco3

54
Q

intercalated duct epithelium and location

A

simple squamous

parenchyma

55
Q

intralobular duct epithelium and location

A

simple cuboidal

parenchyma

56
Q

interlobular duct epithelium and location

A

simple collumnar

stroma

57
Q

the islets of langerhans produce what?

A

alpha cells-glucagon, b cells- insulin, and delta cells-somatostatin- inhibits a and b cells

58
Q

acute pancreatitis

A

zymogens activated in pancreas=autodigestion of pancreas

59
Q

pancreatic carcinoma is more common in what group of individuals?

A

women

60
Q

what blood proteins does the liver produce

A 
ATPFA:
albumin 
transferin
prothrombin
fibrinogen
angiotensiongen
61
Q

breakdown product of hemoglobin

A

billirubin

62
Q

blood compositon in the hepatic sinusoid

A

75% blood from portal vein

25% blood from hepatic artery

63
Q

flow of blood into the hepatocyte

A

blood, portal vein and hepatic artery,sinusoid, terminal heptic vein/central vein

64
Q

zone one (periportal zone) of the hepatocytes has what processes?

A 
freshes blood - most o2 and nutrients
-largest mitochondria
-endocytois 
0highest regeneration activity
-most glucuronidation
65
Q

periportal zone produces glycogen from what source?

A

lactate

66
Q

perivenous zone produces glycogen from what source?

A

glucose

67
Q

What occurs at zone 3 of hepatocytes?

A

highest cytochrome p450 oxidation and reduction

fat deposited here

68
Q

epithelium of hepatocytes

A

large cuboidal epithelium

69
Q

disse

A
  • perisinusoidal space

- filled with plasa and bathes microvilli f hepatocytes

70
Q

macrophages of the liver? where are the found?

A

kupffer cells- found in the sinusoidal lining

71
Q

what do kupffer cells do?

A

phagocytize aged erythrocytes

72
Q

where are hepatic stellate cells located?

A

disse

73
Q

what do hepatic stellate cells do?

A

store fat and fat soluble vitamina

74
Q

what activated hepatic stellate cells?

A

HBV, HCV, Alcohol

75
Q

What causes fibrosis of the liver?

A

Hepatic stellate cells are transformed into myofibroblasts which synthesize collagen after liver damage

76
Q

hepatocytes secrete bile into where?

A

bile canicculi

77
Q

bile canicculi are located where?

A

between the tight junctions of hepatocytes

78
Q

bile ductules are lined with?

A

cholangiocytes cuboidal/columnar epithelium

79
Q

flow of bile leaving the liver

A

L/R hepatic ducts, common hepatic duct, common bile duct, main pancreatic duct, hepatopancreatic ampula (ampula of vater/ major duodenal papilla)

80
Q

bile recycling

A

enterohepatic recirculation

81
Q

what layers does the gallbladder have

A

it is missing a muscularis mucosa and submucosa

82
Q

epithelium of gall bladder

A

simple columnar

83
Q

cholestasis

A

blockage of bile flow

84
Q

cholecystitis

A

inflammation of gall bladder - right upper quadrant pain

85
Q

cirrhosis of liver casues

A

decrease blood flow thus decreased removal of blood components and portal hypertension

86
Q

what 2 things keep zymogens inactive?

A

low ph in acini

trypsin inhibitor

87
Q

trypsinogen activated by?

A

enterokinase to trypsin

88
Q

what 6 things gastric enteroendocrine cells release into the blood

A 
GGGHSS
gastin
gherlin
glucagon
histamine
serotonin
somatostatin
89
Q

parietal cells are stimulated by _________ to secrete HCL

A

gastin and histamine

-or by vagus nerve

90
Q

what inhibits secretion of gastrin?

A

secretin from the duodenum and low pH in the stomach

91
Q

what two things do chief cell secrete?

A

pepsinogen and gastic lipase

92
Q

what are 3 intestinal enteroendocrine cells and their functions?

A
  • first they are released into the blood
    1. Secretin - stimulate bicarbonate secretion in the pancreas and bile ducts. inhibits parietal cells.
    2. CCK - stimulate pancreatic acinar cell (zymogens) secretion and stimulates smooth muscle contraction by gall bladder
    3. GIP - stimulated insulin secretion by beta cells in pancreas
93
Q

what produces a bulk of the bicarbonate in the intestines?

A

enterocytes : absorptive columnar cells

94
Q

what are paneth cells and what do they release and where are the located?

A
  • innate immune cells that regulate microenvironment
  • release lysozyme and defensins
  • located in the intestinal crypts
95
Q

what layers are Meisseners plexi and the Myenteric (Auerbach’s) plexi located?

A

Meisseners plexi - submucosa

Myenteric (Auerbach’s) plexi - musclularis externa

96
Q

where layers are Brunners glands vs. crypts of liberkun (intestinal glands)?

A

Brunner’s glands- submucosa (Duodenum)

crypts of liberkun (intestinal glands) - lamina propria

97
Q

what is absorbed in the duodenum vs the ileum?

A

duodenum - triglycerides and iron

ileum - B12 + GIF and bile salts

98
Q

where do most digestive enzymes come from?

A

the exocrine pancreas

99
Q

location of stem cells in the stomach vs the intestine?

A

stomach- stem cells @ top of gland

intestine - stem cells @ base of glands

100
Q

where are striated ducts located in the exocrine pancreas?

A

they are not. striated ducts only present in the oral cavity!!!!. There are intralobular ducts (simple cuboidal) instead

Histology Exam Review (8 decks)

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