Diseases and Conditions Flashcards
cystic fibrosis
CFTR (cystic fibrosis transmembrane receptor) doesn’t allow chlorine across epithelial cells as normal
adenocarcinoma
cancer of glands
carcinoma
cancer of epithelium
sarcoma
cancer of mesenchyme
what occurs in oral squamous carcinoma?
disruption of desmosomes
marfan’s syndrome
mutation of the fibrillin 1 gene- abnormal elastic recoil of the heart
muscular dystrophy
- defect in dystrophin - muscle cells rip apart (fibers atrophy)
- not enough time for satellite cells to repair and myofibers are replaced w adipose tissue and collagen
what occurs in a myocardial infarction?
loose intercalated disks
loose nuclei
asthma is a disease of the _______
bronchioles - smooth muscle contracts
ankyrin deficiency in RBC
decreased membrane integrity and surface volume of of RBC = cell phagoctize
what 3 things occur in anemia?
= low hemoglobin
- reduced RBC’s
- decreased hemoglobin per RBC
- decreased O2 binding of hemoglobin
hereditary spherocytosis
defectin in ankrin, spectin
-loss of RBC surface area = increased fragility and culled in spleen
polcythemia
increased RBC’s/ ml
= increased hematocrit = thick blood
left shift in PMN production?
band form PMN’s leave early in immature cells in response to cytokines released by host cells at the infection site
loss of parietal cells in the stomach can cause what disorder?
pernicious anemia- b12 not protected by gastic intrinsic factor
peptic ulcers have to puncture this layer completely to have bleading
muscularis musocae
how can you treat peptic ulers?
block histamine receptors- inhibit parietal cells
antibiotics to control H. pylori
what is celiacs disease?
auto immune disorder that causes a loss of microvilli = malabsorption and abnormal immune response
inflammatory bowel disease
more orrurance in developed countries, disruption on homeostasis interactions of mucosal epithelium with immune system and bacteria
ex chrones disease
why- paneth cell defects
What causes fibrosis of the liver?
Hepatic stellate cells are transformed into myofibroblasts which synthesize collagen after liver damage - leads to portal hypertension
cholecystitis
inflammation of gall bladder - right upper quadrant pain
cholestasis
blockage of bile flow
cirrhosis of liver casues
decrease blood flow thus decreased removal of blood components and portal hypertension
cushings syndrome
excess cortisol
addisson’s disease
insufficient cortisol
pheochromocytoma
secrete excess catecholamines
hypothyroidism (Hashimoto’s thyroiditis)
autoimmune disorder that destroys the follicular cells- thus low t3 and t4 levels. High TSH levels b/c not under negative feedback loop
symptoms= wight gain, fatigue
hyperthyroidism (graves disease)
antibodies to TSH chronically stimulate follicular cells to synthesis and release hormone= wight loss, heat intolerance
hyperparathyroidism
hypercalcemia = decalcification of bones- leads to kidney stones
hypoparathyroidism
increase bone density, mental confusion, life threating, from the removal/ destruction of glands
what causes scurvy?
a vtamin C defficiency b/c vitamin C is needed to help hydroxylate proline and lysine in type 1 collagen
osteoporosis
osteoclasts> osteoblasts
vitamin d shortage effect on bone
inability to absorb calcium
osteopetrosis
deffective osteoclasts thus osteoblasts unopposed
esophagitis
inflammation of esophagus
gastro-esophageal reflux disease
chronic inflammation of esophagus
barrett’s esophagus
what is it?
at risk for what?
- chronic inflammation leading to intestinal metaplasia. stat. quamous of esophagus changes to simple columnar epithelium
- at risk for adenocarcinoma
dammaged myenteric (auerbach’s) plexi which controls the muscularis externa can cause?
hirschprung’s disease
acute pancreatitis
zymogens activated in pancreas=autodigestion of pancreas
pancreatic carcinoma is more common in what group of individuals?
women
what can activate hepatic stellate cells to transform into myofibroblasts (snythesize collage after liver damage)
HBV
HCV
Alcohol
hepatitis
inflammation of the liver
cirrhosis
extensive fibrosis of the liber
-decrease blood flow = portal hypertension
osteoarthritis
what is it?
what causes it?
loss of articular cartilage
-hypertrophic chondrocytes secrete proteases that destroys the cartilage
pituitary adenoma
disorder of the anterior pituitary that a benign tumor forms. it is grows too large it can casue a hyper secretion of prolactin or mass effects by compressing the brain stem
posterior pituitary hypersecretion
too much ADH- retention of solue free h20 = hyponatrmia
hyposecretion of the posterior pituitary
reduced ADH - loose capacity to concentrate urine = cental diabetes insipidus - extreme dehydration
vitilago
depigmentation caused by a loss/ increased activity of melanocytes
moles
- benign melanocytic nevi
- melanocytes divide normally to form these
- dysplasia = malignant melanoma
basal cell carcinoma
keratinocytes dammaged
-most common type of ski carcinoma
squamous cell carcinoma
keratinocytes dammaged
melanoma
causes 75% of skin cancer deaths
merkel cell carcinoma
rare, hard to treat, aggressive
rickets
vitamin D deficiency- bone problems
what structure of lymph nodes would be absent in a patient with Digeorge syndrome?
patients with DiGeorge Syndrome are missing a thymus at birth and therefore would not have any T-cell thus germinal centers would not form b/c there would be no isotype switching.
