Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Histology Exam Review > Diseases and Conditions > Flashcards

Diseases and Conditions Flashcards

1
Q

cystic fibrosis

A

CFTR (cystic fibrosis transmembrane receptor) doesn’t allow chlorine across epithelial cells as normal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

adenocarcinoma

A

cancer of glands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

carcinoma

A

cancer of epithelium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

sarcoma

A

cancer of mesenchyme

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what occurs in oral squamous carcinoma?

A

disruption of desmosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

marfan’s syndrome

A

mutation of the fibrillin 1 gene- abnormal elastic recoil of the heart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

muscular dystrophy

A
  • defect in dystrophin - muscle cells rip apart (fibers atrophy)
  • not enough time for satellite cells to repair and myofibers are replaced w adipose tissue and collagen
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what occurs in a myocardial infarction?

A

loose intercalated disks

loose nuclei

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

asthma is a disease of the _______

A

bronchioles - smooth muscle contracts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

ankyrin deficiency in RBC

A

decreased membrane integrity and surface volume of of RBC = cell phagoctize

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what 3 things occur in anemia?

A

= low hemoglobin

  1. reduced RBC’s
  2. decreased hemoglobin per RBC
  3. decreased O2 binding of hemoglobin
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

hereditary spherocytosis

A

defectin in ankrin, spectin

-loss of RBC surface area = increased fragility and culled in spleen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

polcythemia

A

increased RBC’s/ ml

= increased hematocrit = thick blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

left shift in PMN production?

A

band form PMN’s leave early in immature cells in response to cytokines released by host cells at the infection site

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

loss of parietal cells in the stomach can cause what disorder?

A

pernicious anemia- b12 not protected by gastic intrinsic factor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

peptic ulcers have to puncture this layer completely to have bleading

A

muscularis musocae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

how can you treat peptic ulers?

A

block histamine receptors- inhibit parietal cells

antibiotics to control H. pylori

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what is celiacs disease?

A

auto immune disorder that causes a loss of microvilli = malabsorption and abnormal immune response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

inflammatory bowel disease

A

more orrurance in developed countries, disruption on homeostasis interactions of mucosal epithelium with immune system and bacteria
ex chrones disease
why- paneth cell defects

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What causes fibrosis of the liver?

A

Hepatic stellate cells are transformed into myofibroblasts which synthesize collagen after liver damage - leads to portal hypertension

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

cholecystitis

A

inflammation of gall bladder - right upper quadrant pain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

cholestasis

A

blockage of bile flow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

cirrhosis of liver casues

A

decrease blood flow thus decreased removal of blood components and portal hypertension

24
Q

cushings syndrome

A

excess cortisol

25
Q

addisson’s disease

A

insufficient cortisol

26
Q

pheochromocytoma

A

secrete excess catecholamines

27
Q

hypothyroidism (Hashimoto’s thyroiditis)

A

autoimmune disorder that destroys the follicular cells- thus low t3 and t4 levels. High TSH levels b/c not under negative feedback loop
symptoms= wight gain, fatigue

28
Q

hyperthyroidism (graves disease)

A

antibodies to TSH chronically stimulate follicular cells to synthesis and release hormone= wight loss, heat intolerance

29
Q

hyperparathyroidism

A

hypercalcemia = decalcification of bones- leads to kidney stones

30
Q

hypoparathyroidism

A

increase bone density, mental confusion, life threating, from the removal/ destruction of glands

31
Q

what causes scurvy?

A

a vtamin C defficiency b/c vitamin C is needed to help hydroxylate proline and lysine in type 1 collagen

32
Q

osteoporosis

A

osteoclasts> osteoblasts

33
Q

vitamin d shortage effect on bone

A

inability to absorb calcium

34
Q

osteopetrosis

A

deffective osteoclasts thus osteoblasts unopposed

35
Q

esophagitis

A

inflammation of esophagus

36
Q

gastro-esophageal reflux disease

A

chronic inflammation of esophagus

37
Q

barrett’s esophagus
what is it?
at risk for what?

A
  • chronic inflammation leading to intestinal metaplasia. stat. quamous of esophagus changes to simple columnar epithelium
  • at risk for adenocarcinoma
38
Q

dammaged myenteric (auerbach’s) plexi which controls the muscularis externa can cause?

A

hirschprung’s disease

39
Q

acute pancreatitis

A

zymogens activated in pancreas=autodigestion of pancreas

40
Q

pancreatic carcinoma is more common in what group of individuals?

A

women

41
Q

what can activate hepatic stellate cells to transform into myofibroblasts (snythesize collage after liver damage)

A

HBV
HCV
Alcohol

42
Q

hepatitis

A

inflammation of the liver

43
Q

cirrhosis

A

extensive fibrosis of the liber

-decrease blood flow = portal hypertension

44
Q

osteoarthritis
what is it?
what causes it?

A

loss of articular cartilage

-hypertrophic chondrocytes secrete proteases that destroys the cartilage

45
Q

pituitary adenoma

A

disorder of the anterior pituitary that a benign tumor forms. it is grows too large it can casue a hyper secretion of prolactin or mass effects by compressing the brain stem

46
Q

posterior pituitary hypersecretion

A

too much ADH- retention of solue free h20 = hyponatrmia

47
Q

hyposecretion of the posterior pituitary

A

reduced ADH - loose capacity to concentrate urine = cental diabetes insipidus - extreme dehydration

48
Q

vitilago

A

depigmentation caused by a loss/ increased activity of melanocytes

49
Q

moles

A
  • benign melanocytic nevi
  • melanocytes divide normally to form these
  • dysplasia = malignant melanoma
50
Q

basal cell carcinoma

A

keratinocytes dammaged

-most common type of ski carcinoma

51
Q

squamous cell carcinoma

A

keratinocytes dammaged

52
Q

melanoma

A

causes 75% of skin cancer deaths

53
Q

merkel cell carcinoma

A

rare, hard to treat, aggressive

54
Q

rickets

A

vitamin D deficiency- bone problems

55
Q

what structure of lymph nodes would be absent in a patient with Digeorge syndrome?

A

patients with DiGeorge Syndrome are missing a thymus at birth and therefore would not have any T-cell thus germinal centers would not form b/c there would be no isotype switching.

Histology Exam Review (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions