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Histology Exam Review > Lymphoid Organs > Flashcards

Lymphoid Organs Flashcards

1
Q

innate immunity specialized cell examples?

A

granulocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells, natural killer cels

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2
Q

examples of soluble factors of the innate immunity?

A

complement, c-reactive protein, mannose binding lectin, defensins

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3
Q

what does the innate immune system respond to?

A

cues from adaptive system

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4
Q

specialized cells of the adaptive immunity?

A

lymphocytes

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5
Q

both the innate and adaptive immune system are derived from the ________

A

hematopoietic stem cell

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6
Q

the lymphoid stem cell produces what?

A

pre-T-cells

pre-B-cells

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7
Q

pre-T-cells and pre-B-cells mature into the _______

A

naive B and T cells

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8
Q

what type of lymphocytes are in circulation?

A

naive B and T Cells- activated when they encounter anitigen

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9
Q

the thymus is formed from what branchial/ pharyngeal structure?

A

3rd pharyngeal pouch

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10
Q

involution?

A

the thymus shrinks as you age

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11
Q

problems associated with thymus removal?

A

young = bad

no problems older in life

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12
Q

what divides the thymus into lobes and lobules?

A

septa

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13
Q

the thymus is what type of organ?

Function?

A

lympho-epithelial organ: Supports the development of T-cells.

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14
Q

what is central tolerance?

how?

A

prevents autoimmunity

-negative selection in the medulla test to see if the pre-T-cell binds to the self antigen with too high of affinity

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15
Q

what type of lymphocytes are encountered in the peripheral lymphatic tissue?

A

activated B and T cells

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16
Q

color of the cortex and medulla of the thymus?

A 
cortex= dark
medulla = lighter
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17
Q

what are thymic epithelial reticilar cells?

A

antigen presenting cells

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18
Q

thymocytes in the thymic cortex?

A

t-lymphoblasts

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19
Q

what are hassall corpuscles?

where are they found?

A
  • secrete cytokines the control local dendritic cells

- unique to the thymic medulla

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20
Q

what forms hassall corpuscles?

where are they found?

A
  • large aggregates of thymic epithelial cells form this

- thymic medulla

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21
Q

what promotoes the development of regulator -T cells for peripheral tollerance?

A

thymic medulla

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22
Q

where are high endothelial venules located?

A

thymic medulla

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23
Q

what are high endothelial venules

A

specialized post capillary venules that serve as entry and exit points for lymphocytes

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24
Q

what type of epithelium are high endothelial venules?

A

cuboidal

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25
Q

where does positive selection occur?

A

the cortex

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26
Q

where does negative selection occur?

A

the medulla

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27
Q

MHC-1 interacts with what in positive selection?

A

MHC-1 interacts with CD8 (cytotoxic T cells)

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28
Q

MHC-2 interacts with what in positive selection?

A

MHC-2 interacts with CD4 (helper T-cells)

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29
Q

what type of molecule are self antigens?

A

MHC

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30
Q

Does a pre-T=cells naive T-cell receptor have a moderate affinity (properly bind) to host MHC expressed on reticular cells?

A 
no = apoptosis
yes= cell receives cytokines to become a single positive cell (CD4 or CD8)
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31
Q

survivors of positive selection go where next?

A

negative selection in the medulla

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32
Q

what causes death of pre-T-cells in negative selection

A

if pre-t-cell’s naive t-cell receptor binds with too high affinity to MHC

33
Q

to survive negative selection , a t-cell must do what?

A

t-cells must not recognize self antigens in negative selection
-failure to recognized self antigen = survival

34
Q

what is peripheral tolerance

A

generation of hyporesponsiveness in lymphatics(periphery) which encounters antigen in the absence of the costimulatory signals that accompany inflammation.

35
Q

what aids in peripheral tolerance?

A

t-reg cells : suppress activation of effector cells with self reactive receptors

36
Q

example of thymus dependent area?

A

lymph nodes/ spleen, paracortex of lymph nodes, germinal centers
-areas staffed by t-cells affected if thymus is missing

37
Q

3 regions of the lymph node?

A
  1. cortex
  2. paracortex
  3. medulla
38
Q

what separates the lymph node?

A

trabecula - carries blood vessels like septa

39
Q

afferent lymphatic vessels enter the lymph node where>

A

outer surface of cortex to the subcapsular sinus

40
Q

wet lymph node organs and immunoglobulin responsible

A

gut, lungs oral,

IgA

41
Q

dry lymph node organs and immunoglobulin responsible

A

axilla, groin

IgG

42
Q

what is the hilum?

A

efferent lymphatic vessels exits, vein, artery and nerve eneter and exit here

43
Q

the subcapsular sinus has what type of epithelium?

A

discontinuous - fenestrated

44
Q

what forms lymphoid nodules?

A

formed by t-helper cells and proliferating B-lymphoblasts

45
Q

what cell supports most of the lymphoid organs?

A

reticular cells

46
Q

what type of cells are found in the paracortex?

A

only T- Cells!!!!!!!!!

-lacks B-cell lymphoid nodules

47
Q

90% of lymphocytes enter the lymph nodes via ________ located in the _________

A

high endothelial venules

paracortex

48
Q

medullary cords

A

branched cord like masses of lymphocytes= plasma cells

49
Q

medullary sinus

A

dilated space with discontinuous epithelium that separates cords

50
Q

what is the first antibody secreted?

A

IgM

51
Q

wound in finger, what are the 6 steps?

A
  1. dendritic cells activate and leave tissue carrying antigen
  2. transport in lymph vessel to afferent lymph vessels
  3. helper T-cells activated by antigen
  4. cytokines
  5. b-cell binds to helper t-cell
  6. plasma cells secrete antibodies
52
Q

where does isotype switching occur?

A

germinal centers

53
Q

what is required for isotype switching?

A
  • requires thymus interaction with B-cells

- b-cell needs to be activated by T-helper cell

54
Q

what forms cords in the medulla?

A

plasma cells

55
Q

IgG

A
  • most abundant
  • soluble
  • can cross placenta to fetus = passive immunity
  • most important for long-term resistance
56
Q

IgE

A
  • mast cells, basophile

- parasitic and allergic reactions - release histamine

57
Q

IgA

A
  • saliva, sweat, intestinal juice, milk

- helps precent attachment of pathogens to epithelial surfaces

58
Q

IgD

A

attached to external surface of B-cell = antigen receptor

59
Q

lymphoma is there pain?

A

no pain associated w a lymphoma b/c tumors do not release cytokines. normal lymph node swelling is painful bc cytokines are released from the inflammatory process

60
Q

function of the spleen?

A

filter blood by trapping antigens and pathogens.

turns over old RBC’s

61
Q

3 areas of the spleen

A
  1. red pulp - lighter colored
  2. white pulp - darker red (more RBC’s)
  3. marginal zone - boundary between red and white pulp
62
Q

contents of red pulp

A

large sinusoids and connective tissue aggregates called cords

63
Q

function of the red pulp?

A

blood cell turnover and antigen trapping

64
Q

contents of white pulp?

function?

A

aggregates of lymphocytes surrounding central arteries
-mostly B-cells around germinal centers
involved in immune response

65
Q

what is the flow of blood through the spleen?

A

trabecular artery- central artery - penicillary artery

66
Q

what surrounds central arteries?

A

periarterial lymphatic sheath (T-cell sheath)= primary T-cells= white pulp

67
Q

culling
what does it?
where?

A
  • macrophages engulf old RBC’s and destroy them

- occurs when moving through splenic cord and red pulp to the sinusoid

68
Q

pitting

A

macrophages engulf nuclear fragments or parasites leaving the rest of the cell

69
Q

what causes the central artery to be eccentric?

A

clonal expansion from B-cell response

70
Q

what makes up the majority of all immune cells?

A

mucosal associated lymphatic tissue

-ex tonsils, peyer patches, apendix

71
Q

what composes the MALT

A

mostly b-cells, some t-helper cells

72
Q

gender differences in women in regards to immunoglobulins and autoimmune diseases

A

women have a more robust immune system with more IgG

-but they have more autoimmune diseases

73
Q

open circulation of the spleen

A

penicullar arterioles leave white pulp and dump blood directly into red pulp. Blood cells push through Ct and return to circulation by sinusoidal capillaries

74
Q

what are two examples of antigen presenting cells?

A

macrophages and dendritic cells

75
Q

what induces lymphoid progenitor to become pre-T-cells.

A

epithelial reticular cells

76
Q

Function of t-reg cells

A

suppress activation of effector cells with self reactive receptors
-aids in peripheral tollerence

77
Q

_________ on the lymphocyte helps recognize glycoproteins on endothelial cells?

A

L-selectin

78
Q

what is L-selectin?

A

present on on the lymphocytes. it helps recognize glycoproteins on endothelial cells

79
Q

what forms the blood thymus barrier?

A

thymic epithelial cells

Histology Exam Review (8 decks)

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