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Histology Exam Review > Final Exam - Exam 1 review > Flashcards

Final Exam - Exam 1 review Flashcards

1
Q

zona adherens

A

desmosomes anchor cells to neighbors. mediated by cadherins

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2
Q

what cell mediates the zona adherens

A

cadherins

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3
Q

what occurs in the focal adhesion complex?

A

actin binds to integrin which binds to basement membrane

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4
Q

gap junctions are made up of _______

A

connexons

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5
Q

what is a brush border?

A

microvilli for absorption

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6
Q

terminal bar

A

attach epithelial cells on lateral surfaces

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7
Q

integrins

A

transmembrane receptor that are the bridges cell to cell and cell to ECM

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8
Q

what 4 things make up the ground substance?

A
  1. glycosaminoglycans - resist compression
  2. proteoglycans - resist compression
  3. glycoproteins- attach cells to ECM via integrin receptors
  4. fluid
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9
Q

what type of muscle is based on thin/ thick filament proteins Ca2+?

A

thin - skeletal muscle

thick - smooth muscle

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10
Q

what type of muscle is striated?

A

skeletal and cardia muscle

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11
Q

myofibers of skeletal muscle are alligned by what two proteins?

A

desmin and vimentin

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12
Q

what binds calcium in skeletal/ smooth muscle

A

skeletal muscle - troponin C

smooth muscle - calmodulin

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13
Q

what protein is arranged in Z-lines to form sarcomeres?

A

alpha actinin is arranged in z-lines in skeletal muscle

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14
Q

3 types of glial cells of the CNS and function

A
  1. astrocytes - protect, transfer, nutrient
  2. microglia- macrophages of CNS
  3. oligodendrocytes - myelinate CNS axons
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15
Q

are there cell bodies in white or gray matter?

A

gray matter only!!

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16
Q

function of schwan cells?

A

surround, ensheath, myelinate in PNS

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17
Q

endothelium has what embryonic origin?

A

mesoderm

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18
Q

what area(s) of the heart are thicker in the aorta?

A

endocardium

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19
Q

what is different about the SA and AV nodes?

A

they are both modified cardiac muscle that can conduct and contract muscle fibers

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20
Q

what produces atrial natriuretic peptide and what effect does it have?

A

myocardium

-lowers blood pressure

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21
Q

hypertrophy vs hyperplasia?

A

hypertrophy- cell get bigger

hyperplasia - cells increase in #

22
Q

is the aorta an elastic or muscular artery?

function?

A 
elastic artery (pulmonary artery is another example)
-helps to maintain a constant pressure in the arteries
23
Q

rarest type of epithelium?

A

urothelium

24
Q

nitric oxide vs endothelins?

A

nitric oxide =vasodilation

endothelins = vasoconstriction

25
Q

what cell is involved in the blood brain barrier?

A

pericytes (periendothelial cell)

26
Q

in the nose, olfactory epithelium is only present in what area?

A

superior turbinate

27
Q

epithelium of the trachea?

A

respiratory epithelium

28
Q

as you go down in the respiratory system what decreases?

A

cartilage, glands, goblet cells, and the height of epithelial cells all decrease

29
Q

as you go up in the respiratory system, what increases?

A

smooth muscle and elastic tissue increase

30
Q

where does cartilage end when going down the respiratory system?

A

bronchi have cartilage but bronchioles do not

31
Q

type 1 and type 2 pneumocytes?

A

type 1- gas exchange

type 2 - stem cell, produce surfactant

32
Q

3 components of the intraalveolar septum

A
  1. cytoplasm of the endothelial cell
  2. fused basal laminae
  3. cytoplasm of type 1 pneumocyte
33
Q

where does the respiratory epithelium end and simple cuboidal epithelium begin?

A

in the bronchi respiratory epithelium transitions into simple cuboidal/ columnar

34
Q

function of:

  1. spectrin
  2. ankrin
  3. glycophorins
  4. band 3
A
  1. spectrin - binds to actin
  2. ankrin - binds to spectin and band 3
  3. glycophorins - helps RBC’s not stick together, antigenic site for blood type
  4. band 3 - anion transporter of HCO3- and Cl-
35
Q

products released by eosinophils vs. basophils?

A

eosinophils - major basic protein

basophils - histamine and heparin

36
Q

erythrocyte developmental series

A

BFU-E, CFU-E, Proerythroblast, basophilic erythroblast, polychromatophilic erythroblast, orthochromatophilic erythroblast, reticulocyte, RBC

37
Q

what stage of erythrocyte development does it become non mitotic

A

orthochromatophilic is 1st non-mitotic stage

38
Q

what stage of erythrocyte development do the nucleioli disappear?

A

no visible nucleoli in basophilic erythroblast (most basophilic cytoplasm)

39
Q

cytokine invoved in erythrocyte development?

A

EPO

40
Q

Granulocyte developmental series?

A

CFU-GM - Myeloblast - Promyelocyte - Myelocyte, meta myelocyte, band form, mature form

41
Q

what is the stage able to undergo mitosis in the Granulocyte developmental series?

A

myelocyte

42
Q

difference of oral muscosa and oral mucoperiosteum vs intestinal muclos?

A
  • oral mucosa lacks a muscularis mucosa & muscular layers.
  • oral mucoperiosteum lacks muscularis mucosa, submucosa & muscular layers
43
Q

non-keratinized tissues lack what?

A

stratum granulosum -ex lining mucosa

44
Q

what is another name for the vermillion border?

A

mucocutaneous junction

45
Q

langerhans cells - location and function?

A

location : stratum spinosum

function: antigen presenting cells

46
Q

what papilla in the mouth keratinized vs.non keratinized? which have taste buds?

A

keratinized = circumvallate and filiform papillae
non-keratinized - fungiform and foliate papillae
taste buds: Foliate and Circumvallate

47
Q

function of haptocorrin? what produces it?

A

produced by salivary glands

- it is a Vitamin B12 binding protein that protects it as it moves through the digestive system.

48
Q

what type of ducts does the parotid gland have?

A

long intercalated ducts

short striated ducts

49
Q

what type of ducts does the submandibular gland have?

A

long striated ducts

50
Q

what salivary gland produces the majority of the saliva?

A

submandibular gland produces 60-67% of volume

Histology Exam Review (8 decks)

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