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Histology Exam Review > Exam 2 - Endocrine System/ Bone & Cartilage Histology > Flashcards

Exam 2 - Endocrine System/ Bone & Cartilage Histology Flashcards

1
Q

what type of feedback system is more stable?

A

complex feedback systems

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2
Q

endocrine glands are more parenchyma or stroma?

A

parenchyma

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3
Q

protein and Polypeptides -

Hydrophilic/ Lipophilic? Synthesized where? Stored? Bind to what and do what?

A

hydrophilic, synthesized in the RER, stored in granules (ex insulin), bind to receptors on cell membrane and activate 2nd messengers

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4
Q

tyrosine derrivatives

what are two types? Hydrophilic/ Lipophilic? Bind to what and do what?

A

Thyroxine - lipophilic, binds to cytoplasmic receptors, acts as a transcription factor
Epinephrine- hydrophillic, binds to gprotein on cell membrane, activates 2nd messenger

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5
Q

steroid derrivatives

- Hydrophilic/ Lipophilic? Synthesized where? Stored? Bind to what and do what?

A

lipophilic - carried in blood by albumin, synthesized in SER, NOT stored, binds to cytoplasmic receptors, acts as a transcription factor

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6
Q

posterior pituitary from from the

A

neurohypophyseal bud

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7
Q

other names for the anterior pituitary

A

pars distalis, adenohypophysis, pars anterior

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8
Q

what forms the infundibulum

A

the neurohypophyseal bud

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9
Q

neurohypophyseal bud is what?

A

invagination of neuroectoderm that forms the future posterior pituitary

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10
Q

what forms the anterior pituitary?

A

hypophyseal pouch (rathke’s pouch)

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11
Q

how is the anterior pituitary formed?

A

the hypophyseal pouch(aka rathke’s pouch) is an invagination of oral ectoderm

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12
Q

other names for the posterior pitutiary

A

pars nervosa, neurohypophysis

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13
Q

the Pars nervosa releases what?

A

ADH and oxytocin

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14
Q

are there cell bodies present in the pars nervosa?

A

the only cell bodies present are glial cell bodies

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15
Q

are there secretory cells in the Pars Nervosa?

A

no secretory cells in the pars nervosa/anterior pituitary

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16
Q

what is the pars distalis?

A

anterior pituitary

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17
Q

what does the pars distalis release?

A

HGH,ACTH,TSH,LH,FSH,PRL

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18
Q

this cell releases growth hormone and prolactin

A

acidophils of the pars distalis

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19
Q

this cell releases TSH, FSH, LH

A

basophils of the pars distalis

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20
Q

chromotropin

A

not sure; maybee stem cell, exhausted secretoy cell- pale and not stained

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21
Q

an invagination of neuroectoderm form what?

A

the neurohypophyseal bud- posterior pituitary and infundibulum

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22
Q

pituitary adenoma

A

disorder of the anterior pituitary that a benign tumor forms. it is grows too large it can casue a hyper secretion of prolactin or mass effects by compressing the brain stem

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23
Q

posterior pituitary hypersecretion

A

too much ADH- retention of solue free h20 = hyponatrmia

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24
Q

symptom of hyper and hyposecretion of the posterior pituitary

A

thirst

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25
Q

hyposecretion of the posterior pituitary

A

reduced ADH - loose capacity to concentrate urine = cental diabetes insipidus - extreme dehydration

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26
Q

what part of the adrenal gland essential for life? and what product and what area of the organ is soo essential.

A

The adrenal cortex is essential for life - mineralocorticoids, specifically aldosterone produced by the zona glomerulosum is essential for life

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27
Q

the adrenal medulla is derrived from

A

neural crest cells

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28
Q

the adrenal cortex is derrived from

A

coelomic epithelium = mesoderm

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29
Q

the parenchymal cells of the adrenal medulla are derrived from ____ which are what type of cells?

A

adrenal medulla derrived from neural crest cells = chromaffin cells

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30
Q

what is the largest zone of the adrenal cortex

A

zona fasiculata

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31
Q

what type of hormones are secreted from the adrenal cortex?

A

steroid hormones

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32
Q

steroid hormones are derrived from?

A

cholesterol

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33
Q

are steroid hormones stored?

A

no

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34
Q

what does the zona reticularis secrete

A

DHEA

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35
Q

smallest zone of the adrenal cortex

A

zona reticularis

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36
Q

what do glucocorticoids do?

A

gluconeogenesis, break down fat and proteins, and suppress the mmune system (anti -inflammatory)

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37
Q

what does aldosterone do?

A

aldosterone stimulates the resorption of sodium by collection tubules and ducts of te kidneys, water then follows passively.

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38
Q

cushings syndrome

A

excess cortisol

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39
Q

addisson’s disease

A

insufficient cortisol

40
Q

pheochromocytoma

A

secrete excess catecholamines

41
Q

the thyroid produces what from what?

A

makes t3 and t4 from thyroglobulin

42
Q

the parenchyma of the thyroid gland

A

rounded epithelial follicles

43
Q

what is the colloid

A

the colloid contains glycoprotein and thyroglobulin

44
Q

does te thyroid store its secretory product?

A

the thyroid is the only endocrine gland to store its secretory product (3 months)

45
Q

how are t3, and t4 produced?

A

when needed the folicular cells phagocytose the colloid and cleave it into t3 and t4 for release into the blood stream

46
Q

parafollicular cells

A

(throid cells) secrete calcitonin- inhibit osteoclasts

47
Q

thyrocytes/follicular cells

A

cleaves thyroglobulin into t3 and t4.

48
Q

where is thyroglobulin made?

A

the colloid of the thyroid gland

49
Q

hypothyroidism (Hashimoto’s thyroiditis)

A

autoimmune disorder that destroys the follicular cells- thus low t3 and t4 levels. High TSH levels b/c not under negative feedback loop
symptoms= wight gain, fatigue

50
Q

hyperthyroidism (graves disease)

A

antibodies to TSH chronically stimulate follicular cells to synthesis and release hormone= wight loss, heat intolerance

51
Q

what affect does PHT have on the body

A

increases octeoclasts, increase ca absorption in the kidneys and inceased activated vitamin d = increase ca absorption in stomach

52
Q

the parathyroid gland is derrived from what pharyngeal arches?

A

superior - 4th arch

inferior - 3rd arch

53
Q

what cells produce PTH

A

principal (chief cells)

54
Q

hyperparathyroidism

A

hypercalcemia = decalcification of bones- leads to kidney stones

55
Q

hypoparathyroidism

A

increase bone density, mental confusion, life threating, from the removal/ destruction of glands

56
Q

what gland produces melatonin?

A

pineal gland

57
Q

The pineal gland develops from what?

A

pineal gland develops from neuroectoderm- remains attached to brain

58
Q

corpora arenacea

A

(brain sand) - concentration of mg and ca salts in the pineal gland

59
Q

what affect does melatonin have on the body?

A

diurna fucntion- converts sensory input to changes in hormone function (light vs dark)

60
Q

cartilage is composed of what type of collagen

A

type 2

61
Q

what causes scurvy?

A

a vtamin C defficiency b/c vitamin C is needed to help hydroxylate proline and lysine in type 1 collagen

62
Q

what types of collagen aggregate in fibrils and or fibers

A

collagen 1-3 fibrils
collagen 1&3 into fibers
collagen 2 remains a fibril

63
Q

what cell attaches cells the the ECM in hyaline cartilage?

A

chondronectin

64
Q

perichondrium

A

sources of chrondrogenic cells and chrondroblasts for growth and repair of cartilage. surrounds permanent hyaline cartilage except articular cartilage. Also present in elastic cartilage but NOT fibrocartilage

65
Q

isogenous aggregates

A

groups of 4-8 cells that originated for mitotis divisons of a single chrondrocyte

66
Q

chondrocytes reside

A

in lacunae

67
Q

territorial matrix

A

rich in gags, stains darker, surrounds lacuna

68
Q

what secretes ECM in cartilage

A

chrondroblasts and young chrondrocytes secrete ECM

69
Q

appositional growth

A

chrondroblasts in perichondrium differentiate into chrondrocytes - produce matrix adding to existing cartilage

70
Q

interstitial growth

A

proliferation and hypertrophy of chondrocytes

71
Q

articular cartilage

A

no perichondrium in articular cartilage thus resident chondrocytes serves as the progenitor cells

72
Q

elastic cartilage

A

more cell and matric than hyaline, has a periochondrium

73
Q

fibrocartilage

A

no perichondrium, little gound substancem mostly fibers (type 1 & 2) , ex pubic symphysis and intervertebral disks

74
Q

periosteum attached to compact bone via

A

sharpey’s fibers

75
Q

osteocytes derrived from

A

mesenchymal cells

76
Q

osteoclasts derrived from

A

macrophages

77
Q

osteoclasts activated by

A

PTH - increases bone resorption

78
Q

osteoclasts inhibited by

A

calcitonin ( produced from parafollicular cells) which decrease bone resorption

79
Q

type of collage in bone

A

type 1

80
Q

bone has more organic or inorganic material

A

inorganic - hydroyapatite = 65%

81
Q

primary bone

A

woven bone

82
Q

secondary bone

A

lamellar bone

83
Q

desmosomes join osteons together at

A

cement lines

84
Q

remnants of remodeled osteons

A

interstitial lamellae

85
Q

intramembranous ossification occurs from what? and where?

A

bone depositived from connective tissue, growth of diameter of bones and the initiation of growth in the diaphysis,
ex. flat bones of the mandible and skull

86
Q

endochondral ossification

A

ossification from existing cartilage

growth of long bones @ epiphysial plate

87
Q

what percent of total bone replaced yearly by bone remodeling?

A

10%

88
Q

space formed under osteoclasts?

A

howships lacunae

89
Q

a bone fracture is invaded by what types of cells?

A

myofibroblasts, chondroblasts, osteoblasts

90
Q

how do bones heal?

A

by intramembranous and endochondral ossification

91
Q

osteoporosis

A

osteoclasts> osteoblasts

92
Q

what does estrogen do

A

antiresorptive- prevent the apoptosis of osteoblasts

93
Q

vitamin d shortage effect on bone

A

inability to absorb calcium

94
Q

osteopetrosis

A

deffective osteoclasts thus osteoblasts unopposed

95
Q

what is the protein RANk-L?

A

expressed on the surface of osteoblasts that can bind to a receptor on monocytes to transform into osteoclasts

96
Q

what nucleus in the hypothalamus produces oxytocin vs. ADH

A

Oxytocin - paraventricular nucleus

ADH - Supraoptic nucleus

97
Q

secretion of aldosterone from the zona glomerulosa requires ______?

A

ACTH

Histology Exam Review (8 decks)

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