Renal test review reverse

Question 1

This is called a congenital condition (present from birth). The blockage is caused when there is a narrowing of area between the ureter and the part of the kidney called the renal pelvis. Urine can build up and damage the kidney as a result.

Answer 1

UPJ obstruction

Question 2

a swelling at the bottom of one of the tubes (ureters) that carry urine from the kidney to the bladder.
The swollen area can block urine flow.

Answer 2

Ureterocele

Question 3

is an obstructing membrane in the posterior male urethra as a result of abnormal in utero development (keyhole bladder)

Answer 3

PUV

Question 4

an area of weakness in the bladder wall through which some of the lining of the bladder is forced out and creates a pouch where urine can collect and may not come out.

Answer 4

Bladder diverticulum

Question 5

column of bertin 
dromedary hump,
 junctional parenchymal defect, 
 fetal lobulation,
 lobar dysmorphism, 
duplex collecting system,
 bifid renal pelvis (incomplete duplex), 
extrarenal pelvis, 
horseshoe kidney

Answer 5

Common normal variants

Question 6

darker than the inner medulla because of the increased perfusion of blood.

Answer 6

Echogenicity of the kidney cortex

Question 7

echogenic an intense area of echoes.

Answer 7

Echogenicity of the kidney sinus

Question 8

hypoechoic calyces is anexchoic when dilated such as hydronephrosis-otherwise not seen

Answer 8

Echogenicity of the kidney Medullary and pyramids

Question 9

Nephroblastoma aka wilms tumor.
Most common tumor age 1-8, 90 % found under 5 years old. 2-8 times higher found in horseshoe kidneys.
Clinically presents as flak mass, hematuria, fever, and anorexia

Answer 9

Most common pediatric renal mass

Question 10

Exophytic: cyst projects outward away from the kidney, Cortical: lies within renal cortex,
Parapelvic: originates in renal parenchyma and protrude into renal sinus,
Peripelvic: originates in the renal sinus, 50% 50 years of age

Answer 10

location of renal cysts/prevalence

Question 11

nephron-collecting duct-minor calyces-major calyces-renal pelvis-ureter-bladder-urethra

Answer 11

Flow of urine

Question 12

in the retroperitoneal cavity, on both the right and left sides of the body

Answer 12

Location of kidneys

Question 13

a. 50% arise from the adrenal medulla, and tumors have been found in the neck, mediastinum, retrperitoneum, and pelvis,
b. Clinical symptoms, depend on location of tumor. If adrenal- enlarged abdomen,HTN,diarrhea,bone pain if metastasized,
c. 2nd most common abdominal tumor in childhood, Arises in the sympathetic chain ganglia and adrenal medulla, d.Normally seen between 2 months to 2 years, e.Neuroblastoma-common in children

Answer 13

Neuroblastoma

Question 14

lung 33%, breast 30%, melanoma, gastric, colon, kidney, thyroid

Answer 14

Metastasis to the adrenal glands come from what primary tumors

Question 15

Sex hormone (Androgen-male sex hormone. 
Estrogen-female sex hormone
epinephrine and norepinephrine
Aldosterone
Cortisol

Answer 15

Hormones of the adrenal glands

Question 16

Androgen-male sex hormone.
Estrogen-female sex hormone.
Secretes both regardless of gender.
Secreted in minute quantities, almost insignificant effects. Controlled by ACTH from the pituitary gland.
Hypofunction is termed Addison’s Disease.

Answer 16

Sex hormone

Question 17

Responsible for flight or fight
Adrenal Medulla produces them
Both hormones are amines, referred to as catecholamines.

Answer 17

epinephrine and norepinephrine

Question 18

Steroid hormone (mineralcorticoid) produced by outer section of adrenal cortex in the adrenal gland.  
Excessive secretion (Conn’s Syndrome-aldosteronism) due to adenoma of glomerulosa cells or less common adrenal hyperplasia or adrenal carcinoma.

Answer 18

Aldosterone

Question 19

Steroid hormone (glucocorticoid) produced by zona fasciculate of adrenal cortex.  
Excessive secretion of cortisol (cushing’s syndrome) normally from an adenoma or carcinoma of the adrenal gland or a pituitary tumor.

Answer 19

Cortisol

Question 20

arises from the posterolateral wall of the aorta, travels POSTERIOR to the IVC to supply the Kidney

Answer 20

R. Renal artery

Question 21

arises from the posterolateral wall of the aorta DIRECTLY into the hilus of the kidney.

Answer 21

L. Renal artery

Question 22

leaves the renal hilus to enter the lateral wall go the IVC. Shorter than L. Renal vein

Answer 22

R. Renal vein

Question 23

leaves the hilum , travels anterior to the aorta and posterior to the SMA to enter the lateral wall of the IVC.

Answer 23

L. Renal vein

Question 24

Aorta- renal arteries - segmental- interlobar – Arcuate

Answer 24

Vascular supply to kidney

Question 25

Renal arteries- afferent arteriole - Bowmans capsule- Glomerulus- efferent arteriole - renal veins Cleaned blood back into the circulatory system.

Answer 25

Blood supply to nephrons

Question 26

ureterovesical junction

Answer 26

Most common location for kidney stone to be found

Question 27

stone that fills entire kidney lots of shadowing

Answer 27

Staghorn calculus

Question 28

Immunocompromised Diabetis mellitus drug abusers Infants with longstanding indwelling catheters

Answer 28

Renal fungal infections Most commonly affects patients

Question 29

Candida albicans

Answer 29

Renal fungal infections, Most common form of fungal urinary tract infection is......

Question 30

Flank pain Fever Chills

Answer 30

Renal fungal infections, Clinical symptoms

Question 31

fungal balls will be echogenic, mobile, nonshadowing structures within the renal collecting system

Answer 31

Renal fungal infections, Sonographic findings

Question 32

location-medulla indention of the renal sinus similar to renal parenchyma and contiguous with cortex

Answer 32

column of bertin

Question 33

location-lateral border of the kidney identical to renal cortex

Answer 33

dromedary hump

Question 34

location-upper pole of renal parenchymaechogenic triangular area best seen in sagittal scan

Answer 34

junctional parenchymal defect

Question 35

location-surface of kidney indentations between the calyces | best seen on sagittal scan

Answer 35

fetal lobulation

Question 36

location-middle and upper calyceselongation of upper and middle calyces best seen on sagittal scan

Answer 36

lobar dysmorphism

Question 37

location-central renal sinus two echogenic regions separated by moderately echogenic parenchymal tissue best seen on sagittal scan

Answer 37

duplex collecting (complete) system

Question 38

location- central renal sinusmiddle calyces, two echogenic regions one ureter entering the bladder on each side of the bladder

Answer 38

bifid renal pelvis (incomplete duplication)

Question 39

location-long renal pelvis that extends outside the renal bladder central cystic region that extends beyond medial renal border best seen on transverse view at the level of the midpole

Answer 39

extrarenal pelvis

Question 40

location-kidneys seen more medial anterior to the spine | fusion of the polar region, usually the lower poles

Answer 40

horseshoe kidney

Question 41

``` Urinalysis, Urine pH, Specific Gravity, Blood, Hematocrit, Hemoglobin, Protein, Creatinine Clearance, Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN), Serum Creatinine ```

Answer 41

Lab tests for renal failure