Renal retro test review Flashcards
UPJ obstruction
(Ureteropelvic junction)- This is called a congenital condition (present from birth). The blockage is caused when there is a narrowing of area between the ureter and the part of the kidney called the renal pelvis. Urine can build up and damage the kidney as a result.
Ureterocele
a swelling at the bottom of one of the tubes (ureters) that carry urine from the kidney to the bladder. The swollen area can block urine flow.
PUV
posterior urethral valve is an obstructing membrane in the posterior male urethra as a result of abnormal in utero development (keyhole bladder)
Bladder diverticulum
an area of weakness in the bladder wall through which some of the lining of the bladder is forced out and creates a pouch where urine can collect and may not come out.
Common normal variants
column of bertin dromedary hump, junctional parenchymal defect, fetal lobulation, lobar dysmorphism, duplex collecting system, bifid renal pelvis (incomplete duplex), extrarenal pelvis, horseshoe kidney
Echogenicity of the kidney cortex
Cortex- darker than the inner medulla because of the increased perfusion of blood.
Echogenicity of the kidney sinus
echogenic an intense area of echoes.
Echogenicity of the kidney Medullary and pyramids
hypoechoic calyces is anexchoic when dilated such as hydronephrosis-otherwise not seen
Most common pediatric renal mass
Nephroblastoma aka wilms tumor. Most common tumor age 1-8, 90 % found under 5 years old. 2-8 times higher found in horseshoe kidneys. Clinically presents as flak mass, hematuria, fever, and anorexia
location of renal cysts/prevalence
Exophtic: cyst projects outward away from the kidney,
Cortical: lies within renal cortex,
Parapelvic: originates in renal parenchyma and protrude into renal sinus,
Peripelvic: originates in the renal sinus, 50% 50 years of age
(renal path slide 4-5)
Flow of urine
nephron-collecting duct-minor calyces-major calyces-renal pelvis-ureter-bladder-urethra
(slide 13)
Location of kidneys
in the retroperitoneal cavity, on both the right and left sides of the body
Neuroblastoma
(slide 30-31 pg 457)
a.50% arise from the adrenal medulla, and tumors have been found in the neck, mediastinum, retrperitoneum, and pelvis,
b. Clinical symptoms, depend on location of tumor. If adrenal- enlarged abdomen,HTN,diarrhea,bone pain if metastasized,
c. 2nd most common abdominal tumor in childhood, Arises in the sympathetic chain ganglia and adrenal medulla,
d. Normally seen between 2 months to 2 years,
e. Neuroblastoma-common in children < 5 years old. Weight loss, decrease in energy, abd protusion,fever. Rapid metastasis to the lymph nodes, lungs, bone and liver
Metastasis to the adrenal glands come from what primary tumors
(slide 26 pg, pg 455) lung 33%, breast 30%, melanoma, gastric, colon, kidney, thyroid
Hormones of the adrenal glands
Sex hormone (Androgen-male sex hormone. Estrogen-female sex hormone)
epinephrine and norepinephrine
Aldosterone
Cortisol
Sex hormone
Androgen-male sex hormone. Estrogen-female sex hormone. Secretes both regardless of gender. Secreted in minute quantities, almost insignificant effects. Controlled by ACTH from the pituitary gland. Hypofunction is termed Addison’s Disease.
