abd final review canvas Flashcards

1
Q

Coverings of organs- Liver; ______________capsule.

A

Glissons

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2
Q

Coverings of organs kidney______capsule then _______then __________

A

renal capsule

perinephric fascia

gerota’s fascia

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3
Q

Layers of vessels from inner to outer

A

intima

media

adventia

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4
Q

Fluid collections: Bile

A

biloma

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5
Q

Fluid collections: ,pus

A

abcess

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6
Q

Fluid collections: urine

A

urinoma

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7
Q

Fluid collections: Blood

A

hematoma

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8
Q

Landmark for locating the gallbladder is the_________ _________ ___________.

A

Main Lobar Fissure

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9
Q

Separates the left lobe and caudate lobe ______________ ________________.

A

Ligamentum Venosum

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10
Q

Separates the left lobe and right lobe of the liver

A

Main Lobar Fissure, GB fossa, middle hepatic vein

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11
Q

Separates the left lobe into lateral and medial segments

A

Ligamentum Teres, falciform ligament, left hepatic vein, left intersegmental fissure

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12
Q

Separates the right lobe into anterior and posterior segments

A

right intersegmental ligament, right hepatic vein

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13
Q

Normal length of spleen

A

8-13 cm

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14
Q

normal length of AP Liver

A

15 cm

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15
Q

normal diameter of aorta

A

<3 cm
Approx 2.5 cm prox,

  1. 0 cm mid,
  2. 8 cm distal just before the bifurcation
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16
Q

normal diameter of iliac arteries

A

2 cm

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17
Q

normal diameter of popliteal arteries

A

<10 mm males

<7.5 mm females

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18
Q

normal length of kidney

A

9-12 cm

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19
Q

normal length of lymph node

A

1 cm

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20
Q

normal length of pancreas

A

Head 1.9 - 2.5 cm
Body 1.5 – 2.1 cm
Tail 1.0- 2.0

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21
Q

normal length of GB wall

A

3 mm

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22
Q

normal CBD measurment

A

less than 6mm

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23
Q

normal CBD measurment post GB removal (cholecystectomy

A

<10 mm

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24
Q

normal GB length and width

A

5 cm wide

7-10 cm length

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25
Define portal hypertension
increase in the blood pressure within a system of veins called the portal venous system
26
Congenital abnormalities of the kidneys
column of bertin dromedary hump, junctional parenchymal defect, fetal lobulation, lobar dysmorphism, duplex collecting system, bifid renal pelvis (incomplete duplex), extrarenal pelvis, horseshoe kidney
27
Labs for checking renal function
Urinalysis, Urine pH, Specific Gravity, Blood, Hematocrit, Hemoglobin, Protein, Creatinine Clearance, Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN), Serum Creatinine
28
Labs for checking liver function
aspartate aminotransferase alanine aminotransferase lactic acid dehydrogenase alkaline phosphatase bilirubin prothrombin albumin globulins
29
Congenital anomalies of the pancreas
Agenisis pancreas divisum ectopic annular
30
Sonographic appearance of gallstone
echogenic, mobile, shadowing structures within the lumen of the GB, stones that lodge in the neck may not move, WES sign present when GB filled with stones
31
Sonographic appearance of polyp
echogenic, nonshadowing and nonmobile masses that project from the wall
32
Sonographic appearance of carcinoma
nonmobile mass with in lumen greater than 2 cm, gallstones, diffuse or focal wall thickening, irregular mass that may completely fill the GB fossa, invasion of mass into surrounding liver tissue
33
Most common Islet Cell Tumor
insulinoma
34
Most common benign liver tumor
cavernous hemangioma
35
Location of organs intraperitoneal
GB Liver Ovaries Spleen Stomach
36
Location of organs retroperitoneal
S: suprarenal (adrenal) gland A: aorta/IVC D: duodenum (second and third part) P: pancreas (except tail) U: ureters C: colon (ascending and descending) K: kidneys E: (o)esophagus R: rectum
37
Splenic rupture
Subcapsular hematoma: Splenic capsule remains intact. Perisplenic or Intraperitoneal Hematoma: Capsule ruptures.
38
Potential spaces for fluid to collect
gutters most dependent areas in the flanks of the abdomen and pelvis where fluid collections may accumulate
39
Basic functions of the spleen
—Part of the reticuloendothelial system —Synthysis of blood proteins —Largest mass of lymphoid tissue in the body —Active in flood formation during the initial part of fetal life —Storage of iron —Blood reservoir
40
Basic functions of the liver
carb metabolism, lipid meta, protein metab, removal of waste, synthesis and secretion of bile, drug inactivation, vitamin and mineral storage
41
Basic functions of the kidneys
excreting waste regulating blood composition
42
Basic functions of the pancreas
edochrine exocrine
43
Basic functions of the adrenal glands
Outer portion; secretes steroids that help to regulate electrolyte metabolism, carbohydrate metabolism, and sex hormones produces epinephrine and noreinephrine
44
Define infarct
an area of necrosis in a tissue or organ resulting from obstruction of the local circulation by a thrombus or embolus
45
Define Candida albicans
Candida Albicans is an opportunistic fungus (or form of yeast) that is the cause of many undesirable symptoms ranging from fatigue and weight gain, to joint pain and gas AIDS related
46
Define urachal cyst
It is a cyst which occurs in the remnants between the umbilicus and bladder
47
# reverse missing body and tail with a large (hypertropic) head
Agenesis
48
# reverse lack of fusion of the dorsal and ventral pancreatic buds
pancreas divisum
49
# reverse most common anomalie pancreatic nodules are found throughout the GI tract .5-2.0cm in size acute pancreatitis and tumor may be found in these nodules
ectopic
50
# reverse head of the pancreas surrounds the second portion of the duodenum male prevalence
annular
51
# reverse Exocrine Endochrine
pancreas functions
52
# reverse digestive function
Exocrine
53
# reverse produces up to 2 liters of pancreatic juice per day arranged in sac-like structures juice converges into the two ducts which drain the juice into the duodenum for digestion pancreatic juice enzymes capable of completing almost all of the digestion of our food
Acini cells
54
# reverse produces pancreatic juice to aid in digestion enzymes lipase trypsin amylase nucleases sodium bicarbonate
Excocrine function
55
# reverse breaks down fats
lipase
56
# reverse digest proteins
trypsin
57
# reverse digest carbohydrates
amylase
58
# reverse digest nucleic acids
nucleases
59
# reverse neutralizes gastric acids ph of juice needs to be almost neutral for best action
sodium bicarbonate
60
# reverse chyme (partially digested food) in the duodenum triggers release of hormones that start pancreatic juice formation gastrin cholecystokinin aceytlcholine secretin (sodium bicarbonate) these now enter duodenum after allowing the sphincter of Oddi to relax
Exocrine enzyme triggers
61
# reverse produces glucagons and insulin
Endocrine function
62
# reverse alpha, beta and delta cells within the islets of Langerhans
insulin production
63
# reverse regulates the metabolism of sugars insufficient leads to diabetis mellitus hormone that causes glycogen formation from teh glucose stored within the liver
Insulin
64
# reverse changes the forms of sugar hormone that causes our cells to release glucose to meet the bodies energy needs stimulates the liver to convert glycogen to glucose and increase sugar levels
glucagon
65
# reverse autoregulator inhibits the production of both insulin and glucagon
gastrin
66
# reverse most prevalent cells produces insulin enables cells within insulin receptors to take up clucose which lowers blood sugar
Beta cells
67
# reverse produce glucagon
alpha cells
68
# reverse smallest number of cells produce gastrin
delta cells
69
# reverse digestive enzyme produced by the pancreas as well as the parotid glands, bowel and gynecological system certain types of pancreatic disease escapes into the surrounding tissue causing death of tissue, resulting in severe pain and inflammation
Amylase
70
# reverse blood test twice normal usually indicates acute pancretitis, or obstruction of panc duct, acute cholecystitis, perforated peptic ulcer, alcohol poisoning differentials include mumps, ischemic bowel disease, pelvic inflammatory disease
ANypase lab tests
71
# reverse may be elevated in pancreatitis diseases not affectin the pancreas may cause an elevation of blood serum amylase with elevation
urine amylase
72
# reverse enzyme excreted only by the pancreas small amounts pass into the blood used to assess damage to the pancreas rises at teh same rate as amylase, but persists for a longer period of time
Lipase
73
# reverse obstruction of panc duct pancreatic CA acute cholecystitis
lipase differentials
74
# reverse controls the blood sugar lever in the body GTT performed to asses a disorder of glucose metablolism
glucose
75
Mineralocoricoids Glucocorticoids Sex Hormones
Physiology of cortex Steroids fall into 3 main categories
76
regulate electrolyte metabolism. Aldosterone is the primary steroid Regulates mineral ions in the body fluids which affect the water content of tissue Decreased steroid level leads to an increased secretion of sodium and chloride ions, and water into the urine. This leads to lowered pH in the blood causing acidosis.
Mineralocoricoids
77
play an important role in the metabolism of carbohydrates Cortisone and hydrocortisone are the primary ones. These help diminish the allergic response to inflammatory diseases of the body eg. Rheumatoid arthritis and rheumatic fever
Glucocorticoids
78
Androgen-male sex hormone Estrogen-female sex hormone Secretes both in minute amounts regardless of gender. Controlled by the adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) from the pituitary gland Hypofunction is termed Addison’s disease
Sex Hormones
79
pancreas exocrine labs
amylase lipase
80
pancreas endochrine labs
glucose