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Abdomen Section 4 > abd final review canvas > Flashcards

abd final review canvas Flashcards

1
Q

Coverings of organs- Liver; ______________capsule.

A

Glissons

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2
Q

Coverings of organs kidney______capsule then _______then __________

A

renal capsule

perinephric fascia

gerota’s fascia

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3
Q

Layers of vessels from inner to outer

A

intima

media

adventia

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4
Q

Fluid collections: Bile

A

biloma

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5
Q

Fluid collections: ,pus

A

abcess

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6
Q

Fluid collections: urine

A

urinoma

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7
Q

Fluid collections: Blood

A

hematoma

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8
Q

Landmark for locating the gallbladder is the_________ _________ ___________.

A

Main Lobar Fissure

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9
Q

Separates the left lobe and caudate lobe ______________ ________________.

A

Ligamentum Venosum

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10
Q

Separates the left lobe and right lobe of the liver

A

Main Lobar Fissure, GB fossa, middle hepatic vein

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11
Q

Separates the left lobe into lateral and medial segments

A

Ligamentum Teres, falciform ligament, left hepatic vein, left intersegmental fissure

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12
Q

Separates the right lobe into anterior and posterior segments

A

right intersegmental ligament, right hepatic vein

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13
Q

Normal length of spleen

A

8-13 cm

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14
Q

normal length of AP Liver

A

15 cm

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15
Q

normal diameter of aorta

A

<3 cm
Approx 2.5 cm prox,

  1. 0 cm mid,
  2. 8 cm distal just before the bifurcation
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16
Q

normal diameter of iliac arteries

A

2 cm

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17
Q

normal diameter of popliteal arteries

A

<10 mm males

<7.5 mm females

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18
Q

normal length of kidney

A

9-12 cm

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19
Q

normal length of lymph node

A

1 cm

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20
Q

normal length of pancreas

A

Head 1.9 - 2.5 cm
Body 1.5 – 2.1 cm
Tail 1.0- 2.0

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21
Q

normal length of GB wall

A

3 mm

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22
Q

normal CBD measurment

A

less than 6mm

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23
Q

normal CBD measurment post GB removal (cholecystectomy

A

<10 mm

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24
Q

normal GB length and width

A

5 cm wide

7-10 cm length

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25
Q

Define portal hypertension

A

increase in the blood pressure within a system of veins called the portal venous system

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26
Q

Congenital abnormalities of the kidneys

A

column of bertin
dromedary hump,
junctional parenchymal defect,
fetal lobulation,
lobar dysmorphism,
duplex collecting system,
bifid renal pelvis (incomplete duplex),
extrarenal pelvis,
horseshoe kidney

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27
Q

Labs for checking renal function

A

Urinalysis,
Urine pH,
Specific Gravity,
Blood,
Hematocrit,
Hemoglobin,
Protein,
Creatinine Clearance,
Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN),
Serum Creatinine

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28
Q

Labs for checking liver function

A

aspartate aminotransferase

alanine aminotransferase

lactic acid dehydrogenase

alkaline phosphatase

bilirubin

prothrombin

albumin

globulins

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29
Q

Congenital anomalies of the pancreas

A

Agenisis

pancreas divisum

ectopic

annular

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30
Q

Sonographic appearance of gallstone

A

echogenic, mobile, shadowing structures within the lumen of the GB, stones that lodge in the neck may not move, WES sign present when GB filled with stones

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31
Q

Sonographic appearance of polyp

A

echogenic, nonshadowing and nonmobile masses that project from the wall

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32
Q

Sonographic appearance of carcinoma

A

nonmobile mass with in lumen greater than 2 cm, gallstones, diffuse or focal wall thickening, irregular mass that may completely fill the GB fossa, invasion of mass into surrounding liver tissue

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33
Q

Most common Islet Cell Tumor

A

insulinoma

34
Q

Most common benign liver tumor

A

cavernous hemangioma

35
Q

Location of organs intraperitoneal

A

GB

Liver

Ovaries

Spleen

Stomach

36
Q

Location of organs retroperitoneal

A

S: suprarenal (adrenal) gland
A: aorta/IVC
D: duodenum (second and third part)

P: pancreas (except tail)
U: ureters
C: colon (ascending and descending)
K: kidneys
E: (o)esophagus
R: rectum

37
Q

Splenic rupture

A

Subcapsular hematoma: Splenic capsule remains intact.

Perisplenic or Intraperitoneal Hematoma: Capsule ruptures.

38
Q

Potential spaces for fluid to collect

A

gutters

most dependent areas in the flanks of the abdomen and pelvis where fluid collections may accumulate

39
Q

Basic functions of the spleen

A

—Part of the reticuloendothelial system
—Synthysis of blood proteins
—Largest mass of lymphoid tissue in the body
—Active in flood formation during the initial part of fetal life

—Storage of iron
—Blood reservoir

40
Q

Basic functions of the liver

A

carb metabolism, lipid meta, protein metab, removal of waste, synthesis and secretion of bile, drug inactivation, vitamin and mineral storage

41
Q

Basic functions of the kidneys

A

excreting waste

regulating blood composition

42
Q

Basic functions of the pancreas

A

edochrine

exocrine

43
Q

Basic functions of the adrenal glands

A

Outer portion; secretes steroids that help to regulate electrolyte metabolism, carbohydrate metabolism, and sex hormones

produces epinephrine and noreinephrine

44
Q

Define infarct

A

an area of necrosis in a tissue or organ resulting from obstruction of the local circulation by a thrombus or embolus

45
Q

Define Candida albicans

A

Candida Albicans is an opportunistic fungus (or form of yeast) that is the cause of many undesirable symptoms ranging from fatigue and weight gain, to joint pain and gas

AIDS related

46
Q

Define urachal cyst

A

It is a cyst which occurs in the remnants between the umbilicus and bladder

47
Q

reverse

missing body and tail with a large (hypertropic) head

A

Agenesis

48
Q

reverse

lack of fusion of the dorsal and ventral pancreatic buds

A

pancreas divisum

49
Q

reverse

most common anomalie

pancreatic nodules are found throughout the GI tract

.5-2.0cm in size

acute pancreatitis and tumor may be found in these nodules

A

ectopic

50
Q

reverse

head of the pancreas surrounds the second portion of the duodenum

male prevalence

A

annular

51
Q

reverse

Exocrine

Endochrine

A

pancreas functions

52
Q

reverse

digestive function

A

Exocrine

53
Q

reverse

produces up to 2 liters of pancreatic juice per day

arranged in sac-like structures

juice converges into the two ducts which drain the juice into the duodenum for digestion

pancreatic juice enzymes capable of completing almost all of the digestion of our food

A

Acini cells

54
Q

reverse

produces pancreatic juice to aid in digestion

enzymes

lipase

trypsin

amylase

nucleases

sodium bicarbonate

A

Excocrine function

55
Q

reverse

breaks down fats

A

lipase

56
Q

reverse

digest proteins

A

trypsin

57
Q

reverse

digest carbohydrates

A

amylase

58
Q

reverse

digest nucleic acids

A

nucleases

59
Q

reverse

neutralizes gastric acids

ph of juice needs to be almost neutral for best action

A

sodium bicarbonate

60
Q

reverse

chyme (partially digested food) in the duodenum triggers release of hormones that start pancreatic juice formation

gastrin

cholecystokinin

aceytlcholine

secretin (sodium bicarbonate)

these now enter duodenum after allowing the sphincter of Oddi to relax

A

Exocrine enzyme triggers

61
Q

reverse

produces glucagons and insulin

A

Endocrine function

62
Q

reverse

alpha, beta and delta cells within the islets of Langerhans

A

insulin production

63
Q

reverse

regulates the metabolism of sugars

insufficient leads to diabetis mellitus

hormone that causes glycogen formation from teh glucose stored within the liver

A

Insulin

64
Q

reverse

changes the forms of sugar

hormone that causes our cells to release glucose to meet the bodies energy needs

stimulates the liver to convert glycogen to glucose and increase sugar levels

A

glucagon

65
Q

reverse

autoregulator

inhibits the production of both insulin and glucagon

A

gastrin

66
Q

reverse

most prevalent cells

produces insulin

enables cells within insulin receptors to take up clucose which lowers blood sugar

A

Beta cells

67
Q

reverse

produce glucagon

A

alpha cells

68
Q

reverse

smallest number of cells

produce gastrin

A

delta cells

69
Q

reverse

digestive enzyme produced by the pancreas as well as the parotid glands, bowel and gynecological system

certain types of pancreatic disease escapes into the surrounding tissue causing death of tissue, resulting in severe pain and inflammation

A

Amylase

70
Q

reverse

blood test twice normal usually indicates acute pancretitis, or obstruction of panc duct, acute cholecystitis, perforated peptic ulcer, alcohol poisoning

differentials include mumps, ischemic bowel disease, pelvic inflammatory disease

A

ANypase lab tests

71
Q

reverse

may be elevated in pancreatitis

diseases not affectin the pancreas may cause an elevation of blood serum amylase with elevation

A

urine amylase

72
Q

reverse

enzyme excreted only by the pancreas

small amounts pass into the blood

used to assess damage to the pancreas

rises at teh same rate as amylase, but persists for a longer period of time

A

Lipase

73
Q

reverse

obstruction of panc duct

pancreatic CA

acute cholecystitis

A

lipase differentials

74
Q

reverse

controls the blood sugar lever in the body

GTT performed to asses a disorder of glucose metablolism

A

glucose

75
Q

Mineralocoricoids Glucocorticoids Sex Hormones

A

Physiology of cortex Steroids fall into 3 main categories

76
Q

regulate electrolyte metabolism. Aldosterone is the primary steroid Regulates mineral ions in the body fluids which affect the water content of tissue Decreased steroid level leads to an increased secretion of sodium and chloride ions, and water into the urine. This leads to lowered pH in the blood causing acidosis.

A

Mineralocoricoids

77
Q

play an important role in the metabolism of carbohydrates Cortisone and hydrocortisone are the primary ones. These help diminish the allergic response to inflammatory diseases of the body eg. Rheumatoid arthritis and rheumatic fever

A

Glucocorticoids

78
Q

Androgen-male sex hormone Estrogen-female sex hormone Secretes both in minute amounts regardless of gender. Controlled by the adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) from the pituitary gland Hypofunction is termed Addison’s disease

A

Sex Hormones

79
Q

pancreas exocrine labs

A

amylase

lipase

80
Q

pancreas endochrine labs

A

glucose

Abdomen Section 4 (12 decks)

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