Chapter 14 Renal Pathology/Anomalies Power Point

Question 1

Diverticula
Cystitis
Bladder calculi
Blood clots

Answer 1

Bladder pathology

Question 2

congenital or acquired. External protrusion of the mucosa through the musularis. Appears as a pouch-like herniation of the bladder wall

Answer 2

Diverticula

Question 3

thickening of the bladder wall usually from an infection. More common in females. Predisposing factors include catherization, urethral obstruction,tumor or pregnancy

Answer 3

Cystitis

Question 4

may occur from stasis or be passed down from the kidneys. Echogenic and posterior acoustic shadowing

Answer 4

Bladder calculi

Question 5

usually adherent to the bladder wall. Echogenic and no posterior acoustic shadowing

Answer 5

Blood clots

Question 6

most common primary bladder neoplasm
Can be seen by US as single or multiple masses. Benign papillomas have the same appearance. Cystoscopy and biopsy are required for accurate diagnosis

Answer 6

Transitional cell carcinoma

Question 7

an aggressive and invasive tumor associated with stones, strictures and chronic infection.
Cannot be distinguished by US from transitional cell carcinoma
Can have extrinsic forces to the bladder due to colon or pelvic masses

Answer 7

Squamous cell carcinoma

Question 8

Gross hematuria
May urinate blood clots
Color/power doppler
Vary patients position ? Adherent to wall

Answer 8

Clinical findings of Bladder Cancer

Question 9

Horseshoe kidney
Dromedary hump
Fetal lobulation
Junctional parenchymal defect
Column of Bertin

Answer 9

Normal renal variants

Question 10

Prominent invaginations of the cortex at varying depths within the medullary substance of the kidneys.
Hypertrophied columns of Bertin contain renal pyramids; they may be difficult to differentiate from an avascular renal neoplasm.
Columns are more exaggerated in patients with complete or partial duplication.

Answer 10

Columns of Bertin

Question 11

Shape of left kidney is affected by the spleen.
A bulge of cortical tissue can occur on the lateral border of the kidney; may resemble a renal neoplasm.
On sonography, the echogenicity is identical to the rest of the renal cortex, and a renal pseudotumor needs to be considered

Answer 11

Dromedary Hump

Question 12

Triangular, echogenic area typically located anteriorly and superiorly
Result of partial fusion of two embryonic parenchymal masses called renunculi during normal development

Answer 12

Junctional Parenchymal Defect

Question 13

Usually present in children up to 5 years of age
May persist in up to 51% of adults
Surfaces of the kidneys are generally indented in between the calyces, giving the kidneys a slightly lobulated appearance

Answer 13

Fetal Lobulation

Question 14

Characterized by the deposition of a moderate amount of fat in the renal sinus, with parenchymal atrophy

Answer 14

Sinus Lipomatosis

Question 15

Normal renal pelvis is triangular structure.
Axis points inferiorly and medially.
Extrarenal pelvis tends to be larger, with long major calyces.
Pelvis appears as a central cystic area that is either partially or entirely beyond the confines of the bulk of the renal substance

Answer 15

Extrarenal Pelvis

Question 16

Cystlike enlargement of the lower end of the ureter
Caused by congenital or acquired stenosis of the distal end of the ureter
Ectopic ureteroceles are rare; are usually associated with complete ureteral duplication.

Answer 16

Ureterocele