Renal System

Question 1

What are the main functions of the kidneys?

Answer 1

Blood pH control

H₂O fluid balance

Electrolyte balance

Blood pressure control

Metabolism of waste products and drugs

Stimulates RBC production

Absorption of Calcium

Question 2

What is the urinary tract?

Answer 2

Kidney

Ureter

Bladder

Urethra

Question 3

What is the lining of the distal urethra?

Answer 3

Stratified squamous epithelium

Question 4

What makes up the Upper Urinary Tract?

Answer 4

R/L Kidneys

R/L Ureters

Question 5

What makes up the Lower Urinary Tract?

Answer 5

Bladder

Urethra

Question 6

Which parts of the urinary tract are found in the retroperitoneum?

Answer 6

Kidneys

Proximal parts of the ureters

Question 7

Which parts of the urinary tract are found in the pelvis?

Answer 7

Distal parts of the ureters

Bladder

Proximal part of the urethra

Question 8

Which parts of the urinary tract are found in the perineum?

Answer 8

Distal part of the urethra

Question 9

In which area of the abdomen can the kidneys be found?

Answer 9

R/L lumbar region (flank)

Question 10

How are the kidneys protected?

Answer 10

Location in retroperitoneum

Vertebral column

Ribs 11 & 12

Guarding by skeletal muscles of back/abdominal wall

Renal (deep) fascia

Paranephric and perinephric fat

Renal capsule

Question 11

At what vertebral level does the right kidney lie?

Answer 11

L1 - L3

Question 12

At which vertebral level does the right kidney lie?

Answer 12

T12 - L2

Question 13

What are the structures of the renal hilum?

Answer 13

R/L renal artery

R/L renal vein

R/L ureter

Question 14

What is the blood supply to the ureters?

Answer 14

Multiple branches from the

renal arteries

gonadal arteries

aorta

Question 15

What is the venous drainage of the kidneys?

Answer 15

Left and right renal veins

drain into the IVC

Question 16

What is the venous drainage of the adrenal glands?

Answer 16

Right suprarenal vein drains into the IVC

Left suprarenal vein drains into the Left renal vein

Question 17

How many renal segments are there?

Answer 17

5

Question 18

How is the kidney organised from superficial to deep?

Answer 18

renal capsule

renal cortex

renal medulla

Question 19

What does the renal medulla contain?

Answer 19

Pyramids

which contain

Nephrons

Question 20

What are the parts of a nephron?

Answer 20

Glomerulus

Proximal convoluted tubule

Loop of Henle

Distal convoluted tubule

Collecting duct

Question 21

What do the collecting ducts of nephrons drain into?

Answer 21

Minor calyx

Question 22

What is the path from minor calyx to ureter?

Answer 22

Minor calyx

Major calyx

Renal pelvis

Ureter

Question 23

At which point does the renal pelvis narrow into the ureter?

Answer 23

Pelviureteric junction

Question 24

Which aspect of the common iliac arteries do the ureters cross?

Answer 24

Anterior

Question 25

Are kidneys stones (renal calculi) visible on x-ray?

Answer 25

Yes They are formed from calcium salts

Question 26

What can cause uteretic obstruction?

Answer 26

Internal obstruction - impacted renal calculus or blood clot External compression - tumour

Question 27

How does the body attempt to clear a utereric obstruction?

Answer 27

Increased peristalsis proximal to the obstruction resulting in colicky pain - renal colic

Question 28

Which parts of the bladder stretch and which are fixed?

Answer 28

Urothelium stretches, but the trigone does not stretch or move

Question 29

What are the sphincters of the bladder?

Answer 29

Destrusor - encircling the ureteric orifices and bladder neck (males only)

Question 30

What is the result of urinary tract obstruction on the kidney?

Answer 30

Urine production continues until the pressure in the urinary tract exceeds that favouring filtration at the glomerulus resulting in **renal failure**