Renal System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the main functions of the kidneys?

A

Blood pH control

H2O fluid balance

Electrolyte balance

Blood pressure control

Metabolism of waste products and drugs

Stimulates RBC production

Absorption of Calcium

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2
Q

What is the urinary tract?

A

Kidney

Ureter

Bladder

Urethra

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3
Q

What is the lining of the distal urethra?

A

Stratified squamous epithelium

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4
Q

What makes up the Upper Urinary Tract?

A

R/L Kidneys

R/L Ureters

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5
Q

What makes up the Lower Urinary Tract?

A

Bladder

Urethra

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6
Q

Which parts of the urinary tract are found in the retroperitoneum?

A

Kidneys

Proximal parts of the ureters

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7
Q

Which parts of the urinary tract are found in the pelvis?

A

Distal parts of the ureters

Bladder

Proximal part of the urethra

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8
Q

Which parts of the urinary tract are found in the perineum?

A

Distal part of the urethra

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9
Q

In which area of the abdomen can the kidneys be found?

A

R/L lumbar region (flank)

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10
Q

How are the kidneys protected?

A

Location in retroperitoneum

Vertebral column

Ribs 11 & 12

Guarding by skeletal muscles of back/abdominal wall

Renal (deep) fascia

Paranephric and perinephric fat

Renal capsule

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11
Q

At what vertebral level does the right kidney lie?

A

L1 - L3

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12
Q

At which vertebral level does the right kidney lie?

A

T12 - L2

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13
Q

What are the structures of the renal hilum?

A

R/L renal artery

R/L renal vein

R/L ureter

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14
Q

What is the blood supply to the ureters?

A

Multiple branches from the

renal arteries

gonadal arteries

aorta

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15
Q

What is the venous drainage of the kidneys?

A

Left and right renal veins

drain into the IVC

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16
Q

What is the venous drainage of the adrenal glands?

A

Right suprarenal vein drains into the IVC

Left suprarenal vein drains into the Left renal vein

17
Q

How many renal segments are there?

A

5

18
Q

How is the kidney organised from superficial to deep?

A

renal capsule

renal cortex

renal medulla

19
Q

What does the renal medulla contain?

A

Pyramids

which contain

Nephrons

20
Q

What are the parts of a nephron?

A

Glomerulus

Proximal convoluted tubule

Loop of Henle

Distal convoluted tubule

Collecting duct

21
Q

What do the collecting ducts of nephrons drain into?

A

Minor calyx

22
Q

What is the path from minor calyx to ureter?

A

Minor calyx

Major calyx

Renal pelvis

Ureter

23
Q

At which point does the renal pelvis narrow into the ureter?

A

Pelviureteric junction

24
Q

Which aspect of the common iliac arteries do the ureters cross?

A

Anterior

25
Q

Are kidneys stones (renal calculi) visible on x-ray?

A

Yes

They are formed from calcium salts

26
Q

What can cause uteretic obstruction?

A

Internal obstruction - impacted renal calculus or blood clot

External compression - tumour

27
Q

How does the body attempt to clear a utereric obstruction?

A

Increased peristalsis proximal to the obstruction

resulting in colicky pain - renal colic

28
Q

Which parts of the bladder stretch and which are fixed?

A

Urothelium stretches, but the trigone does not stretch or move

29
Q

What are the sphincters of the bladder?

A

Destrusor - encircling the ureteric orifices and bladder neck (males only)

30
Q

What is the result of urinary tract obstruction on the kidney?

A

Urine production continues until the pressure in the urinary tract exceeds that favouring filtration at the glomerulus

resulting in

renal failure