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Anatomy > Endocrine System > Flashcards

Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

What is the endocrine system?

A

A number of endocrine glands situated around the body, each of which is responsible for manufacturing, storing and releasing at least 1 hormone.

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2
Q

What sort of processes do hormones regulate?

A

Processes that require duration of action rather than speed of action.

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3
Q

How can hormone negative feedback go wrong?

A

Target cells’ sensitivity to hormone may change.

Functioning tumour - too much hormone secreted.

Non-functioning tumour - tumour destroys gland and too little hormone is secreted.

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4
Q

Where is the hypothalamus?

A

In the diencephalon, anterior to the midbrain.

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5
Q

Where is the pituitary gland?

A

It is a midline structure in the pituitary fossa of the sphenoid bone.

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6
Q

How is the pituitary gland connected to the hypothalamus?

A

By the infundibulum (pituitary stalk).

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7
Q

How is the pituitary gland divided (anatomically and physically)?

A

Anterior pituitary

Posterior pituitary

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8
Q

How do the hypothalamus and posterior pituitary work together?

A

Hypothalamic neurons pass down the infundibulum into posterior pituitary, they manufacture hormones which are transported to the posterior pituitary.

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9
Q

Which hormones are produced by hypothalamic neurons in the posterior pituitary?

A

Vasopressin (ADH)

Oxytocin

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10
Q

How are ADH and oxytocin transported from the hypothalamus to the posterior pituitary?

A

Along the axoplasm (cytoplasm of the axons) by axoplasmic transport.

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11
Q

How do the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary work together?

A

Hypothalamic neurons secrete releasing hormones and release-inhibitory hormones which either stimulate or repress the release of hormones by the anterior pituitary.

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12
Q

Which 6 hormones does the anterior pituitary release?

A

Growth Hormone (GH)

Prolactin

Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)

Adrenocorticotrophic Hormone (ACTH)

Lutenising Hormone (LH)

Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)

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13
Q

Describe the hypophyseal portal system.

A

Drains venous blood from the hypothalamus to anterior pituitary capillary beds.

Drains veins in the anterior pituitary to the hypophyseal veins (and eventually to the SVC).

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14
Q

What is a portal system?

A

A capillary bed which lies between two set of veins.

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15
Q

Which hormones does the thyroid gland produce?

A

Triiodothyronine (T3)

Thyroxine (T4)

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16
Q

Which element is required for the production of the thyroid hormones?

A

Iodine.

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17
Q

What is the role of the thyroid hormones?

A

Regulation of metabolism and stimulation of growth.

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18
Q

Where is the thyroid gland located?

A

In the anterior neck, inferior to the thyroid cartilage, anterior to the larynx.

19
Q

What are the different parts of the thyroid gland?

A

Right lobe of the thyroid gland

Left lobe of the thyroid gland

Isthmus of the thyroid gland

20
Q

Where are the 4 parathyroid glands found?

A

On the posterior surface of the thyroid gland, two each on the right and left lobes.

21
Q

Which hormone does the parathyroid glands secrete?

A

Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

22
Q

What is the role of parathyroid hormone (PTH)?

A

Regulation of the amount of calcium in the blood and bone.

23
Q

Is the secretion of PTH from the parathyroid gland under pituitary control?

A

No.

24
Q

Can we live without parathyroid hormone (PTH)?

A

No.

25
Q

What is the blood supply of the thyroid and parathyroid glands?

A

Superior and inferior thyroid arteries.

26
Q

From which artery does the superior thyroid artery branch?

A

External carotid artery.

27
Q

From which artery does the inferior thyroid artery branch?

A

The thyrocervical trunk, which is a branch of the subclavian artery.

28
Q

What is the blood supply of the pancreas?

A

The coeliac trunk and the superior mesenteric artery.

29
Q

Is the pancreas under pituitary control?

A

No.

30
Q

What are the two anatomically and functionally distinct parts of the pancreas?

A

The endocrine pancreas, which manufactures at least 6 hormones

(Islets of Langerhans)

and

The exocrine pancreas, which manufactures digestive enzymes and secretes them into the duodenum.

31
Q

What is an exocrine gland?

A

One which secretes its products via ducts rather than directly into the bloodstream.

32
Q

Where are the two adrenal glands?

A

In the retroperitoneum, capping the superior poles of the kidneys.

33
Q

What are the two anatomically and functionally distinct parts of the adrenal glands?

A

Adrenal Cortex

Adrenal Medulla

34
Q

Which hormones are secreted by the Adrenal Cortex?

A

Glucocorticoids

Mineralocorticoids

Androgen

35
Q

How is the release of glucocorticoids by the adrenal cortex controlled?

A

Pituitary ACTH control.

36
Q

Which hormones are secreted by the adrenal medulla?

A

Adrenaline

Noradrenaline

37
Q

What is the blood supply to the adrenal glands?

A

Superior suprarenal artery (branch of the aorta)

Middle suprarenal artery (branch of the aorta)

Inferior suprarenal artery (branch of the renal artery)

38
Q

What is the venous drainage of the adrenal glands?

A

Right suprarenal vein (drains into IVC)

Left suprarenal vein (drains into left renal vein)

39
Q

Which hormone is secreted by the testes?

A

Testosterone

40
Q

How is the secretion of testosterone from the testes controlled?

A

Pituitary LH control.

41
Q

Which hormone is secreted by the ovaries?

A

Oestrogen

Progesterone

42
Q

What controls the secretion of oestrogen and progesterone by the ovaries?

A

Pituitary FSH and LH control.

43
Q

What is the blood supply of the gonads?

A

The gonadal arteries (paired branches of the abdominal aorta)

44
Q

What is the venous drainage of the gonads?

A

Right gonad drains directly into the IVC.

Left gonad drains into the left renal vein.

Anatomy (10 decks)

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