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Circulatory System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the great vessels?

A

Those which connect directly to the heart chambers

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2
Q

How are the proximal and distal ends of arteries defined?

A

Proximal - closest to the heart

Distal - furthest from the heart

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3
Q

What do the terms ‘trunk’ and ‘common’ indicate about an artery?

A

That is will definitely divide again

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4
Q

What is a neurovascular bundle?

A

Named group of artery, vein and nerve travelling together

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5
Q

Where are arteries usually located in relationship to veins?

A

Deep, to reduce change of serious haemorrhage

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6
Q

Which part of the ANS produces the background, low level of contraction of arteriolar smooth muscle.

A

Sympathetic - sympathetic tone

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7
Q

Which segments of the spinal cord have lateral horns (for cell bodies of the next sympathetic neurons in the chain?)

A

T1 to L2

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8
Q

Which parts of the body wall do sympathetic fibres supply?

A

Skin sweat glands

Skin arrector muscles

All arterioles

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9
Q

What are the four parts of the aorta?

A

Ascending aorta

Arch of the aorta

Thoracic aorta

Abdominal aorta

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10
Q

What are the two branches of the ascending aorta?

A

Left and right coronary arteries

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11
Q

What are the three branches of the arch of the aorta?

A

Brachiocephalic trunk

Left common carotid artery

Left subclavian artery

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12
Q

What does the brachiocephalic trunk bifurcate into?

A

Right common carotid artery

Right subclavian artery

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13
Q

What is the blood supply to the brain?

A

R/L vertebral artery (branch of the subclavian artery) - passes through the transverse foraminae and foramen magnum

R/L internal carotid artery

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14
Q

What is the blood supply to the face and scalp?

A

R/L external carotid artery

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15
Q

What forms the basilar artery?

A

Joining of the 2 vertebral arteries

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16
Q

What forms the Circle of Willis on the inferior aspect of the brain?

A

Basilar artery

R & L internal carotid arteries

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17
Q

What is the carotid sinus?

Where is it located?

A

Most proximal, usually dilated, part of the internal carotid artery.

At the level of the superior border of the thyroid cartilage.

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18
Q

Which nerve innervates the carotid sinus?

A

CN IX - Glossopharyngeal

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19
Q

What is the function of the carotid sinus?

A

Detect stretching of the walls of arterial walls

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20
Q

What is the function of the carotid body, and which nerve is it supplied by?

A

Chemoreceptors monitoring blood gas levels/pH

CN IX - Glossopharyngeal

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21
Q

What forms the blood-brain barrier?

A

Tight junctions between brain capillary endothelial cells and astrocyte (support cell) processes

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22
Q

What are alternative routes in anastomoses called?

A

Collaterals

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23
Q

What are disadvantages of anastomoses?

A

Bleed from both sides of a cut - worse haemorrhage

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24
Q

What is an end artery?

A

The only arterial blood supply to a given area of the body.

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25
What is the path of the subclavian artery along the upper limbs?
R/L subclavian artery R/L axillary artery R/L brachial artery bifurcates into R/L radial artery and R/L ulnar artery
26
What are the bilateral branches of the thoracic aorta?
posterior intercostal arteries
27
What are the anterior branches of the thoracic aorta?
Bronchial arteries Oesophageal arteries Mediastinal arteries Pericardial arteries Phrenic arteries
28
What does the abdominal aorta bifurcate into?
R/L common iliac arteries
29
What do the common iliac arteries bifurcate into?
R/L external iliac artery R/L internal iliac artery
30
How much of the circulating blood volume is contained in the veins at rest?
60%
31
What is the difference between the 'course' of arteries and veins?
Arteries often run a tortuous course Veins usually run a straight course
32
How is venous blood pumped back to the heart?
Skeletal muscle pump Chest cavity pressure changes associated with breathing
33
How is unidirectional flow of blood in veins ensured?
Venous valves
34
What are the two sets of veins?
**Superficial** veins run within superficial fascia and then drain into **deep** veins.
35
What are the two main venous systems of the body?
Hepatic portal venous sytem Systemic venous system
36
What are the three paired branches of the abdominal aorta?
Adrenal arteries Renal arteries Gonadal arteries
37
What is the cisterna chyli?
Dilated sac at the lower end of the thoracic duct into which lymph flows from the intestinal trunk and two lumbar ducts
38
Describe the lymphatic system
Tissue fluid collects in **lymphatic capillaries** - lymph Lymphatic capillaries join to form **lymphatics** Lymphatics carry lymph through **lymph nodes** Lymph is returned to central veins in the root of the neck
39
Where does the right lymphatic duct drain into?
Right venous angle
40
Where does the thoracic duct drain into?
Left venous angle
41
What are the layers of the pericardium?
Fibrous pericardium Parietal layer of serous pericardium Visceral layer of serous pericardium
42
Where is the pericardial cavity and what does it contain?
The space between the parietal and serous layers It contains pericardial fluid
43
What are the advantages of the fibrous pericardium?
Helps to prevent cardiac overfilling Helps to prevent cardiac injury
44
What is a haemopericardium and what condition does it cause?
When the pericardial cavity fills with blood the pressure around the heart can prevent cardiac contraction: ## Footnote **cardiac tamponade**
45
What are the three layers of the heart tissue?
Epicardium (visceral serous pericardium) Myocardium (muscular layer) Endocardium (continuous with endothelium of blood vessels connecting the heart)
46
Which part of the heart forms the anterior surface?
Right ventricle
47
Which part of the heart forms the base (posterior) surface of the heart?
Right and left atria
48
Which part of the heart forms the inferior surface (sitting on the diaphragm)?
Right and left ventricles
49
Which part of the heart forms the right border?
Right atrium
50
Which part of the heart forms the left (lateral) border?
Left ventricle
51
What is the name of the structure that divides the heart into a right and left side?
Septum
52
What is the normal direction of blood flow through the cardiac chambers?
Right atrium Right ventricle Pulmonary circulation Left atrium Left ventricle Systemic circulation
53
How many pulmonary veins supply each lung?
2
54
Where is the tricuspid valve?
Between the right atrium and right ventricle
55
Where is the mitral valve?
Between the left atrium and left ventricle
56
Where is the pulmonary valve?
Betwee the right ventricle and the pulmonary trunk
57
Where is the aortic valve?
Between the left ventricle and the aorta
58
Where is the sinoatrial node located?
Superiorly in the right atrium
59
Where is the atrioventricular node located?
Interatrial septum
60
Where is the atrioventricular bundle located?
Crux of the heart
61
What is the cardiac skeleton?
Fibrous rings of the four valves and the fibrous parts of the interatrial and interventricular septa Crux of the heart
62
What is the function of the cardiac skeleton?
Provides insulation between the atria and ventricle ensuring that there is a single point of conduction between the atrial and ventricular myocardium
63
What is fibrillation?
Uncoordinated contraction of myocytes resulting in inefficient pumping Can be fatal if it affects the ventricles
64
What is the cardiac plexus and where is it found?
Mixture of sensory and motor nerves supplying the heart It's located proximally on the anterior side of the ascending aorta
65
Where is the needle inserted during pericardiocentesis?
Infrasternal angle and directed superoposteriorly
66
What is the transverse pericardial sinus?
Space within the pericardial cavity Posterior to the ascending aorta and pulmonary trunk
67
Where is the apex beat palpated?
5th left intercostal space midclavicular line
68
Where is the right coronary artery located?
Emerges from the right auricle travels along the coronary groove - boundary between right atrium and right ventricle
69
How many pulmonary veins are there?
2 right pulmonary veins 2 left pulmonary veins
70
Where is the Left Anterior Descending artery located?
In the anterior interventricular groove
71
What and where is the coronary sinus?
Short venous conduit in the atrioventricular groove posteriorly. It drains blood from the cardiac veins and drains into the right atrium
72
Where does the posterior interventricular artery normally branch from and where is it found?
Right coronary artery Posterior interventricular groove (diaphragmatic surface of heart)
73
What is the most proximal tributary of the SVC?
Azygous vein
74
From which coronary artery does the right marginal artery branch and what is its course?
Right coronary artery Towards the apex
75
From which coronary artery does the circumflex artery branch?
Left coronary artery
76
What are the two parts of the septum?
Interatrial septum Interventricular septum
77
What is the result of a septal defect?
Mixing of arterial and venous blood resulting in hypoxaemia
78
Where is the crista terminalis found?
Around the wall of the right atrium
79
What are the parts of the tricuspid and mitral valves?
Valve leaflets Tendinous cords Papillary muscles
80
What are the three cusps of the tricuspid valve?
Anterior Posterior Septal
81
What is the function of the moderator band?
Carries fibres of right/left bundle branch to the papillary muscle of the anterior cusp
82
Which are the cardiopumonary splanchic nerves?
Postsynaptic fibres from cervical and upper thoracic sympathetic chains
83
Which part of the heart does the vagus nerve innervate?
SA node
84
Which parts of the heart does the sympathetic branch innervate?
SA node myocardium
85
Where are visceral afferent nerve endings for stretch and chemicals found in the heart?
inner aortic arch pulmonary trunk around SA node outflow tracts from both ventricles papillary muscles vena cavae
86
Where are chemoreceptor nerve endings found in the heart?
root of aorta septum
87
What are visceral sources of central chest pain?
Trachea Oesophagus Aorta Heart Abdominal viscerae
88
What is the ligamentum arteriosum?
Remnant of ductus arteriosus connecting arch of aorta and pulmonary trunk
89
What is the difference in course of the left phrenic nerve and left vagus nerve as they cross the lung hilum?
Left phrenic nerve crosses anterior to the lung hilum Left vagus nerve crosses posterior to the lung hilum
90
What are the structures of the posterior mediastinum?
Azygous vein Thoracic orta Oesophagus Thoracic duct R & L sympathetic chains R & L vagus nerves
91
What is the most common pattern of blood supply to the heart?
Right dominant
92
What are the most common sites of coronary atherosclerosis?
Left Anterior Descending Right Coronary Artery Circumflex Branch Left Coronary Artery
93
What is the most common blood supply to the SA node?
SA nodal branch from right coronary artery
94
What is the most common blood supply to the AV node?
AV nodal branch from right coronary artery
95
What is the blood supply to the interventricular septum (left and right bundle branches) ?
Left anterior descending or Anterior interventricular artery
96
What type of arrhythmia would AV node damage lead to?
Complete heart block
97
What type of arrhythmia would bundle branch damage lead to?
Bundle branch block
98
How is the thoracic inlet bounded?
Ribs 1 T1 vertebra Jugular notch
99
Which structures are found in the middle mediastinum?
Heart Pericardium Inferior part of SVC Superior part of IVC Pulmonary trunk & proximal part of pulmonary arteries Distal part of pulmonary veins Ascending aorta
100
What is the surface anatomy of the left venous angle?
Left sternoclavicular joint
101
Where are the tracheobronchial lymph nodes found?
Inferior to the bifurcation of the trachea
102
Where are the hilar lymph nodes found?
At the bifurcation of the R and L main bronchus
103
Where is the thoracic duct found?
Immediately medial to the azygous vein
104
Which artery does the right recurrent laryngeal nerve hook under?
Right subclavian artery
105
Which artery does the left recurrent laryngeal nerve hook under?
Arch of the aorta
106
Which branches of the vagus nerve supply the pharynx and larynx?
Recurrent laryngeal nerves

Anatomy (10 decks)

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