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Anatomy > Circulatory System > Flashcards

Circulatory System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the great vessels?

A

Those which connect directly to the heart chambers

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2
Q

How are the proximal and distal ends of arteries defined?

A

Proximal - closest to the heart

Distal - furthest from the heart

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3
Q

What do the terms ‘trunk’ and ‘common’ indicate about an artery?

A

That is will definitely divide again

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4
Q

What is a neurovascular bundle?

A

Named group of artery, vein and nerve travelling together

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5
Q

Where are arteries usually located in relationship to veins?

A

Deep, to reduce change of serious haemorrhage

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6
Q

Which part of the ANS produces the background, low level of contraction of arteriolar smooth muscle.

A

Sympathetic - sympathetic tone

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7
Q

Which segments of the spinal cord have lateral horns (for cell bodies of the next sympathetic neurons in the chain?)

A

T1 to L2

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8
Q

Which parts of the body wall do sympathetic fibres supply?

A

Skin sweat glands

Skin arrector muscles

All arterioles

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9
Q

What are the four parts of the aorta?

A

Ascending aorta

Arch of the aorta

Thoracic aorta

Abdominal aorta

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10
Q

What are the two branches of the ascending aorta?

A

Left and right coronary arteries

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11
Q

What are the three branches of the arch of the aorta?

A

Brachiocephalic trunk

Left common carotid artery

Left subclavian artery

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12
Q

What does the brachiocephalic trunk bifurcate into?

A

Right common carotid artery

Right subclavian artery

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13
Q

What is the blood supply to the brain?

A

R/L vertebral artery (branch of the subclavian artery) - passes through the transverse foraminae and foramen magnum

R/L internal carotid artery

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14
Q

What is the blood supply to the face and scalp?

A

R/L external carotid artery

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15
Q

What forms the basilar artery?

A

Joining of the 2 vertebral arteries

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16
Q

What forms the Circle of Willis on the inferior aspect of the brain?

A

Basilar artery

R & L internal carotid arteries

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17
Q

What is the carotid sinus?

Where is it located?

A

Most proximal, usually dilated, part of the internal carotid artery.

At the level of the superior border of the thyroid cartilage.

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18
Q

Which nerve innervates the carotid sinus?

A

CN IX - Glossopharyngeal

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19
Q

What is the function of the carotid sinus?

A

Detect stretching of the walls of arterial walls

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20
Q

What is the function of the carotid body, and which nerve is it supplied by?

A

Chemoreceptors monitoring blood gas levels/pH

CN IX - Glossopharyngeal

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21
Q

What forms the blood-brain barrier?

A

Tight junctions between brain capillary endothelial cells and astrocyte (support cell) processes

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22
Q

What are alternative routes in anastomoses called?

A

Collaterals

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23
Q

What are disadvantages of anastomoses?

A

Bleed from both sides of a cut - worse haemorrhage

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24
Q

What is an end artery?

A

The only arterial blood supply to a given area of the body.

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25
Q

What is the path of the subclavian artery along the upper limbs?

A

R/L subclavian artery

R/L axillary artery

R/L brachial artery

bifurcates into

R/L radial artery and R/L ulnar artery

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26
Q

What are the bilateral branches of the thoracic aorta?

A

posterior intercostal arteries

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27
Q

What are the anterior branches of the thoracic aorta?

A

Bronchial arteries

Oesophageal arteries

Mediastinal arteries

Pericardial arteries

Phrenic arteries

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28
Q

What does the abdominal aorta bifurcate into?

A

R/L common iliac arteries

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29
Q

What do the common iliac arteries bifurcate into?

A

R/L external iliac artery

R/L internal iliac artery

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30
Q

How much of the circulating blood volume is contained in the veins at rest?

A

60%

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31
Q

What is the difference between the ‘course’ of arteries and veins?

A

Arteries often run a tortuous course

Veins usually run a straight course

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32
Q

How is venous blood pumped back to the heart?

A

Skeletal muscle pump

Chest cavity pressure changes associated with breathing

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33
Q

How is unidirectional flow of blood in veins ensured?

A

Venous valves

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34
Q

What are the two sets of veins?

A

Superficial veins run within superficial fascia and then drain into deep veins.

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35
Q

What are the two main venous systems of the body?

A

Hepatic portal venous sytem

Systemic venous system

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36
Q

What are the three paired branches of the abdominal aorta?

A

Adrenal arteries

Renal arteries

Gonadal arteries

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37
Q

What is the cisterna chyli?

A

Dilated sac at the lower end of the thoracic duct into which lymph flows from the intestinal trunk and two lumbar ducts

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38
Q

Describe the lymphatic system

A

Tissue fluid collects in lymphatic capillaries - lymph

Lymphatic capillaries join to form lymphatics

Lymphatics carry lymph through lymph nodes

Lymph is returned to central veins in the root of the neck

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39
Q

Where does the right lymphatic duct drain into?

A

Right venous angle

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40
Q

Where does the thoracic duct drain into?

A

Left venous angle

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41
Q

What are the layers of the pericardium?

A

Fibrous pericardium

Parietal layer of serous pericardium

Visceral layer of serous pericardium

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42
Q

Where is the pericardial cavity and what does it contain?

A

The space between the parietal and serous layers

It contains pericardial fluid

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43
Q

What are the advantages of the fibrous pericardium?

A

Helps to prevent cardiac overfilling

Helps to prevent cardiac injury

44
Q

What is a haemopericardium and what condition does it cause?

A

When the pericardial cavity fills with blood the pressure around the heart can prevent cardiac contraction:

cardiac tamponade

45
Q

What are the three layers of the heart tissue?

A

Epicardium (visceral serous pericardium)

Myocardium (muscular layer)

Endocardium (continuous with endothelium of blood vessels connecting the heart)

46
Q

Which part of the heart forms the anterior surface?

A

Right ventricle

47
Q

Which part of the heart forms the base (posterior) surface of the heart?

A

Right and left atria

48
Q

Which part of the heart forms the inferior surface (sitting on the diaphragm)?

A

Right and left ventricles

49
Q

Which part of the heart forms the right border?

A

Right atrium

50
Q

Which part of the heart forms the left (lateral) border?

A

Left ventricle

51
Q

What is the name of the structure that divides the heart into a right and left side?

A

Septum

52
Q

What is the normal direction of blood flow through the cardiac chambers?

A

Right atrium

Right ventricle

Pulmonary circulation

Left atrium

Left ventricle

Systemic circulation

53
Q

How many pulmonary veins supply each lung?

A

2

54
Q

Where is the tricuspid valve?

A

Between the right atrium and right ventricle

55
Q

Where is the mitral valve?

A

Between the left atrium and left ventricle

56
Q

Where is the pulmonary valve?

A

Betwee the right ventricle and the pulmonary trunk

57
Q

Where is the aortic valve?

A

Between the left ventricle and the aorta

58
Q

Where is the sinoatrial node located?

A

Superiorly in the right atrium

59
Q

Where is the atrioventricular node located?

A

Interatrial septum

60
Q

Where is the atrioventricular bundle located?

A

Crux of the heart

61
Q

What is the cardiac skeleton?

A

Fibrous rings of the four valves and the fibrous parts of the interatrial and interventricular septa

Crux of the heart

62
Q

What is the function of the cardiac skeleton?

A

Provides insulation between the atria and ventricle ensuring that there is a single point of conduction between the atrial and ventricular myocardium

63
Q

What is fibrillation?

A

Uncoordinated contraction of myocytes resulting in inefficient pumping

Can be fatal if it affects the ventricles

64
Q

What is the cardiac plexus and where is it found?

A

Mixture of sensory and motor nerves supplying the heart

It’s located proximally on the anterior side of the ascending aorta

65
Q

Where is the needle inserted during pericardiocentesis?

A

Infrasternal angle and directed superoposteriorly

66
Q

What is the transverse pericardial sinus?

A

Space within the pericardial cavity

Posterior to the ascending aorta and pulmonary trunk

67
Q

Where is the apex beat palpated?

A

5th left intercostal space

midclavicular line

68
Q

Where is the right coronary artery located?

A

Emerges from the right auricle

travels along the coronary groove - boundary between right atrium and right ventricle

69
Q

How many pulmonary veins are there?

A

2 right pulmonary veins

2 left pulmonary veins

70
Q

Where is the Left Anterior Descending artery located?

A

In the anterior interventricular groove

71
Q

What and where is the coronary sinus?

A

Short venous conduit in the atrioventricular groove posteriorly.

It drains blood from the cardiac veins and drains into the right atrium

72
Q

Where does the posterior interventricular artery normally branch from and where is it found?

A

Right coronary artery

Posterior interventricular groove (diaphragmatic surface of heart)

73
Q

What is the most proximal tributary of the SVC?

A

Azygous vein

74
Q

From which coronary artery does the right marginal artery branch and what is its course?

A

Right coronary artery

Towards the apex

75
Q

From which coronary artery does the circumflex artery branch?

A

Left coronary artery

76
Q

What are the two parts of the septum?

A

Interatrial septum

Interventricular septum

77
Q

What is the result of a septal defect?

A

Mixing of arterial and venous blood resulting in hypoxaemia

78
Q

Where is the crista terminalis found?

A

Around the wall of the right atrium

79
Q

What are the parts of the tricuspid and mitral valves?

A

Valve leaflets

Tendinous cords

Papillary muscles

80
Q

What are the three cusps of the tricuspid valve?

A

Anterior

Posterior

Septal

81
Q

What is the function of the moderator band?

A

Carries fibres of right/left bundle branch to the papillary muscle of the anterior cusp

82
Q

Which are the cardiopumonary splanchic nerves?

A

Postsynaptic fibres from cervical and upper thoracic sympathetic chains

83
Q

Which part of the heart does the vagus nerve innervate?

A

SA node

84
Q

Which parts of the heart does the sympathetic branch innervate?

A

SA node

myocardium

85
Q

Where are visceral afferent nerve endings for stretch and chemicals found in the heart?

A

inner aortic arch

pulmonary trunk

around SA node

outflow tracts from both ventricles

papillary muscles

vena cavae

86
Q

Where are chemoreceptor nerve endings found in the heart?

A

root of aorta

septum

87
Q

What are visceral sources of central chest pain?

A

Trachea

Oesophagus

Aorta

Heart

Abdominal viscerae

88
Q

What is the ligamentum arteriosum?

A

Remnant of ductus arteriosus connecting arch of aorta and pulmonary trunk

89
Q

What is the difference in course of the left phrenic nerve and left vagus nerve as they cross the lung hilum?

A

Left phrenic nerve crosses anterior to the lung hilum

Left vagus nerve crosses posterior to the lung hilum

90
Q

What are the structures of the posterior mediastinum?

A

Azygous vein

Thoracic orta

Oesophagus

Thoracic duct

R & L sympathetic chains

R & L vagus nerves

91
Q

What is the most common pattern of blood supply to the heart?

A

Right dominant

92
Q

What are the most common sites of coronary atherosclerosis?

A

Left Anterior Descending

Right Coronary Artery

Circumflex Branch

Left Coronary Artery

93
Q

What is the most common blood supply to the SA node?

A

SA nodal branch from right coronary artery

94
Q

What is the most common blood supply to the AV node?

A

AV nodal branch from right coronary artery

95
Q

What is the blood supply to the interventricular septum (left and right bundle branches) ?

A

Left anterior descending

or

Anterior interventricular artery

96
Q

What type of arrhythmia would AV node damage lead to?

A

Complete heart block

97
Q

What type of arrhythmia would bundle branch damage lead to?

A

Bundle branch block

98
Q

How is the thoracic inlet bounded?

A

Ribs 1

T1 vertebra

Jugular notch

99
Q

Which structures are found in the middle mediastinum?

A

Heart

Pericardium

Inferior part of SVC

Superior part of IVC

Pulmonary trunk & proximal part of pulmonary arteries

Distal part of pulmonary veins

Ascending aorta

100
Q

What is the surface anatomy of the left venous angle?

A

Left sternoclavicular joint

101
Q

Where are the tracheobronchial lymph nodes found?

A

Inferior to the bifurcation of the trachea

102
Q

Where are the hilar lymph nodes found?

A

At the bifurcation of the R and L main bronchus

103
Q

Where is the thoracic duct found?

A

Immediately medial to the azygous vein

104
Q

Which artery does the right recurrent laryngeal nerve hook under?

A

Right subclavian artery

105
Q

Which artery does the left recurrent laryngeal nerve hook under?

A

Arch of the aorta

106
Q

Which branches of the vagus nerve supply the pharynx and larynx?

A

Recurrent laryngeal nerves

Anatomy (10 decks)

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