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Anatomy > Histology > Flashcards

Histology Flashcards

1
Q

Where in the cell does protein synthesis occur?

A

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

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2
Q

Where in the cell does cholesterol and lipid synthesis/detoxification occur?

A

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

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3
Q

Where are secretions modified and packaged?

A

Golgi apparatus

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4
Q

Where is the genetic code of the cell found?

A

Nucleus

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5
Q

Where are ribosomes produced?

A

Nucleolus

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6
Q

Which protein are microfilaments composed of?

A

Actin

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7
Q

Which proteins are microtubules composed of?

A

tubulin

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8
Q

What are the features of microfilaments?

A

Composed of fine strands of actin

Dynamic - assemble and dissociate

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9
Q

What function do intermediate filaments perform?

A

Binding of intracellular elements together and to the plasmalemma

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10
Q

How are intermediate filaments used in pathology?

A

Different classes can be used to identify tumour origins

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11
Q

What is the organising centre of microtubules known as?

A

The centrosome

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12
Q

How are microtubules organized?

A

Polymerize in central portion of cell and radiate outwards

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13
Q

What is the function of microtubules?

A

Transport network

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14
Q

Which ATPase moves organelles and vesicles towards the centre?

A

Dynein

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15
Q

Which ATPase moves organelles and vesicles towards the periphery?

A

Kinesin

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16
Q

What is the structure of the nuclear envelope?

A

Outer nuclear membrane with nuclear pores, studded with ribosomes

Perinuclear cistern

Inner nuclear membrane

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17
Q

What structure is the outer nuclear membrane continuous with?

A

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

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18
Q

Where are mRNA and tRNA transcribed?

A

Nucleus

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19
Q

Where is rRNA transcribed?

A

Nucleolus

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20
Q

What is the difference between euchromatin and heterochromatin?

A

Euchromatin is DNA that is actively undergoing transcription, heterochromatin is condense

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21
Q

What is the structure of ribosomes?

A

Small subunit which binds RNA

Large subunit which catalyses formation of peptide bonds

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22
Q

How do ribosomes stain with H&E?

A

Blue (because of negative charges)

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23
Q

What makes the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum rough?

A

It is studded with ribosomes, which are used for protein synthesis

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24
Q

What does the amount of RER in a cell tell us about its activity?

A

The more metabolically active a cell, the greater the amount of RER

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25
Q

Where are proteins that are destined to remain unpackaged synthesized?

A

On polysomes, floating free within the cytosol

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26
Q

How does protein synthesis occur?

A

Free ribosome attaches to mRNA

If ER signal is present, growing peptide inserted into pore in the endoplasmic reticulum

Growing peptide forms in the ER, signal sequence is removed

Ribosome detaches

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27
Q

Where do proteins go once they are synthesized?

A

Most of them go to the Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

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28
Q

What happens to a protein in the Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum?

A

Continued processing

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29
Q

From where do transport vesicles arrive in the Golgi apparatus?

A

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

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30
Q

What sort of modifications are made in the Golgi apparatus?

A

Addition of sugars

Cleavage of proteins

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31
Q

How is the inner membrane of the mitochondria folded?

A

Into cristae

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32
Q

What are the functions of the mitochondria?

A

Generation of ATP by oxidative phosphorylation

Synthesis of certain lipids and proteins

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33
Q

Give an example of an inclusion.

A

Lipid droplets - they are not surrounded by a membrane

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34
Q

In which type of cells may lipids droplets make up 90% of the cell volume?

A

Adipose cells

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35
Q

Which molecules bind to each other and to actin of the cytoskeleton?

A

Cadherin molecules

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36
Q

What are hemidesmosomes?

A

Junctions which link intermediate filaments of a cell to the extracellular matrix through transmembrane proteins

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37
Q

Which type of protein forms the pores in gap junctions?

A

Connexon proteins

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38
Q

What are the four basic tissue types?

A

Epithelium

Connective tissue

Muscle

Nervous Tissue

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39
Q

Where are epithelia found?

A

Covering body surfaces

Lining hollow organs

Forming glands

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40
Q

What are the roles of connective tissue?

A

Forming the framework of the body

Dynamic role in development, growth and homeostasis of tissues

Energy storage as fat

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41
Q

What are the common features of epithelia?

A

Strong adhesion between cells forming sheets

Basal lamina - extracellular matrix

Non-vascular - nutrients diffuse across basal lamina

Polarised - apical and basal ends of cell differ

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42
Q

Give an example of a solid gland formed from epithelia.

A

The liver.

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43
Q

What are the functions of epithelia?

A

Mechanical barrier

Chemical barrier

Absorption

Secretion

Containment

Locomotion (by cilia)

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44
Q

What are the three shapes of epithelial cells?

A

Squamous (flattened)

Cuboidal

Columnar

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45
Q

How is the layering of epithelia described?

A

Simple - one layer

Stratified - two or more layers

Pseudostratified - appears to have multiple layers but all cells are in contact with the basal lamina

46
Q

What sort of surface specializations may be found in epithelia?

A

Prominent microvilli (brush border)

Cilia

Keratin protein

47
Q

What sort of specialized cells might be found in epithelia?

A

Goblet cells - single cell mucus glands

48
Q

What is the function of glandular epithelia? Give some examples.

A

Producing secretory products.

e.g. sweat, milk, hormones, oil, mucus, enzymes

49
Q

How are glands classified?

A

Endocrine - product secreted towards basal end of the cell and distributed through vascular system

Exocrine - produce secreted towards apical end of the cell either into lumen, duct or onto body surface

50
Q

What features are characteristic of endocrine glands?

A

No ducts

Lots of capillaries

51
Q

How is connective tissue subdivided into types?

A

Soft connective tissue - tendons, ligaments, mesentery, stroma of organs, dermis

Hard connective tissue - bone, cartilage

52
Q

What does connective tissue consist of?

A

Cells

Extracellular matrix

53
Q

What does the extracellular matrix consist of?

A

Collagen, reticular and elastic fibres

Ground substance - glycoproteins

Tissue fluid

54
Q

What sort of cells might be found in connective tissue?

A

Fibroblasts

Adipose cells

Osteocytes/chondrocytes

55
Q

What type of connective tissue is mesentery?

A

Loose connective tissue

Loosely packed fibres, abundant ground substance

56
Q

Give examples of regular and irregular dense soft connective tissue.

A

Regular - tendon

Irregular - dermis

57
Q

What is special about cartilage?

A

It is avascular and receives nutrients by diffusion through its matrix

58
Q

What are the three types of cartilage?

A

Hyaline

Elastic

Fibrocartilage

59
Q

Where is hyaline cartilage found?

A

Articular surfaces

Tracheal rings

Costal cartilage

Epiphyseal growth plates

60
Q

What is the name given to the cell membrane of skeletal muscle?

A

Sarcolemma

61
Q

What are the features of cardiac muscle?

A

Striated

Branching

Intercalated discs

62
Q

What are glia?

A

Support cells of nervous tissue

63
Q

How are neurons classified?

A

Bipolar

Unipolar

Multipolar

64
Q

What are the functions of astrocytes?

A

Support

Ion transport

65
Q

What is the function of oligodendrocytes?

A

Production of myelin

66
Q

What is the function of microglia?

A

Immune surveillance

67
Q

What do Schwann cells do?

A

Produce myelin and support axons

68
Q

How can you tell the difference between serous secreting cells and mucus secreting cells histologically?

A

serous secreting cells stain intensely (purple)

mucus secreting cells stain very little (pink)

69
Q

What type of glands are striated ducts a feature of?

A

Salivary glands

(the striated ducts modify the saliva by pumping salt out of the fluid)

70
Q

What is the architecture of the digestive tract?

A

Mucosa - epithelium, lamina propria, muscularis mucosae

Submucosa

Muscularis externa

Serosa / Adventitia

71
Q

Describe the muscularis externa of the digestive tract.

A

Two thick layers of smooth muscle:

Inner circular layer

Outer longitudinal layer

72
Q

What is the function of the GI serosa/adventitia?

A

Suspends the GI tract, or attaches it to other organs

73
Q

What type of epithelium lines the oral cavity, pharynx, oesophagus and anal canal?

What is its main function?

A

Non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

Protective

74
Q

What type of epithelium lines the stomach?

What is its function?

A

Simple columnar epithelium with extensive tubular glands.

Secretory

75
Q

What sort of epithelium lines the small intestine?

What is its function?

A

Simple columnar epithelium with tubular glands.

Absorptive

76
Q

What type of epithelium lines the large intestine?

What is its function?

A

Simple columnar epithelium with tubular glands.

Protective and absorptive

77
Q

What type of secreting cells do the gastric glands contain?

A

Chief cells - digestive enzymes

Parietal cells - hydrochloric acid

78
Q

What is special about the outer, longitudinal muscle of the large intestine?

A

It is not continuous but found in 3 muscular strips

teniae coli

79
Q

What is the enteric nervous system?

A

Nervous system belonging to the GI tract with about the same number of neurons as the spinal cord.

It receives input from the ANS, but is capable of coordinating gut motility locally

80
Q

Where are the neurons of the enteric nervous sytem to be found?

A

In ganglia between the two layers of the muscularis externa

81
Q

What is the architecture of the trachea?

A

Airway

Respiratory epithelium

Lamina propria

Submucosa with seromucous glands

Hyaline cartilage

82
Q

Where does the production of urine begin?

A

Renal corpuscle - tuft of capillaries surrounded by epithelium

83
Q

Which cells are the granulocytes?

A

Neutrophils

Basophils

Eosinophils

84
Q

What are the three layers of muscular artery?

A

Tunica intima

internal elastic membrane

Tunica media

external elastic membrane

Tunica adventitia

85
Q

What is the simple squamous epithelium of blood vessels referred to as?

A

Endothelium

86
Q

What is the architecture of arterioles?

A

Only one or two layers of smooth muscles in the tunica media

Almost no adventitia

87
Q

What is the architecture of capillaries?

A

Endothelial cells

Basal lamina

88
Q

What is the vasa vasorum?

A

Vascular supply to large arteries

Needed because only the inner half of the wall can obtain nutrients from the lumen therefore they have their own blood supply

89
Q

What are pericytes?

A

Cells found at intervals just outside the basal lamina of capillaries.

They are connective tissue cells with contractile properties

90
Q

What are the three types of capillary?

A

Continuous

muscle, nerve, lung, skin

Fenestrated

gut mucosa, endocrine glands, kidney

Sinusoidal

liver, spleen, bone marrow

91
Q

How is a venule differentiated from a capillary?

A

Once it begins to acquire intermittent smooth muscle cells in a tunica media

92
Q

What is the architecture of veins?

A

Tunica intima

Thin but continuous tunica media

Obvious tunica adventitia

93
Q

How are the valves of small and medium sized veins formed?

A

Inward extensions of the tunica intima

94
Q

Why are mature red blood cells not true cells?

A

Because they have neither nucleus nor organelles

95
Q

What is special about the shape of red blood cells?

A

They are deformable, allowing them to slip through small spaces.

96
Q

What is the lifespan of a red blood cell?

A

About 4 months

97
Q

Which is the most common type of leukocyte?

A

Neutrophils

98
Q

What is the role of neutrophils?

A

Mobile phagocytes

99
Q

How can eosinophils be recognised histologically?

Where do they tend to live?

A

They have an affinity for the red dye eosin.

They typically have a bilobed nucleus.

Tissue, particularly the spleen, lymph nodes and GI tract

100
Q

How can basophils be recognised histologically?

A

They have an affinity for basic dye such as methylene blue

Their bilobed nucleus is often obscured by their granules

101
Q

How can monocytes be recognised histologically?

A

Largest cells circulating in blood

Non-lobulated nucleus, often appears to have a kidney bean shape

102
Q

Give three examples of resident macrophages.

A

Kupffer cells - liver

Microglia - brain

Langerhan’s cells - skin

103
Q

How can lymphocytes be distinguished histologically?

A

Round nucleus surrounded by moderate rim of cytoplasm with no visible granules

104
Q

How can platelets be distinguished histologically?

A

They are much smaller than the other formed elements of blood

105
Q

What are features of platelets?

A

Well developed cytoskeleton

Some organelles, but no nucleus

Conspicuous granules

106
Q

What are the principle sites of blood formation in the embryo/foetus?

A

Yolk sac - around 3 weeks

Liver (spleen) - foetus

107
Q

What is the main site of blood formation after birth?

A

Bone marrow

All bones participate at first

As they enlarge, limited to vertebra, ribs, skull, pelvis and proximal femurs

108
Q

What is the main constituent of bone marrow in non-haemopoetic bones?

A

Adipose tissue

109
Q

What is the architecture of bone?

A

Compact bone

Endosteum

Hemopoietic cells

Blood sinusoids

110
Q

What does the term reticulocyte refer to?

A

The stage of development of a red blood before it loses its granules of RNA

111
Q

What are megakaryocytes?

A

Giant cells found in bone marrow.

They undergo multiple duplications of nuclear material without undergoing nuclear or cell division.

Platelets are formed at the extensions of the outer margin.

After producing thousands of platelets, the megakaryocyte undergoes cell death by apoptosis.

Anatomy (10 decks)

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