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Anatomy > Musculoskeletal System > Flashcards

Musculoskeletal System Flashcards

1
Q

What is the skeleton composed of?

A

Bone and cartilage

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2
Q

What type of tissue are bone and cartilage?

A

Specialized forms of connective tissue

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3
Q

What are the functions of bone?

A

Support and protection of organs

Calcium metabolism

Red blood cell formation

Attachement for skeletal muscles

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4
Q

Through what process do long bones develop?

A

Endochondral ossification

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5
Q

What is endochondral ossification?

A

The growth of a bone from the ossification of an initial small hyaline cartilage version.

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6
Q

When does bone growth cease?

A

When the growth plate of the hyaline cartilage ossifies.

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7
Q

Name the parts of the developing bone.

A

Epiphysis

Epiphyseal growth plate

Metaphysis

Diaphysis

Metaphysis

Epiphyseal growth plate

Epiphysis

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8
Q

What is the structure of bone?

A

Outer cortex of dense, compact cortical bone

Inner medulla of porous, spongy trabecullar/cancellous bone

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9
Q

Where in the bone is bone marrow found?

A

The medulla.

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10
Q

What is the function of bone marrow?

A

Production of red and white blood cells.

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11
Q

Which features of the neck of the femur contribute to an increased tendency to fracture?

A

Less compact bone

Thin/angled structure

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12
Q

Where is hyaline (articular) cartilage found?

A

At joints (articulations)

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13
Q

What is the periosteum?

A

The outer layer of bone.

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14
Q

Why is the tearing of the periosteum in a fracture so painful?

A

Because it’s innervated by sensory nerve fibres.

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15
Q

Which arteries are found in the periosteum?

A

Periosteal arteries.

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16
Q

How is the medulla of bone supplied with blood?

A

Through holes in the periosteum.

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17
Q

What is the cavity in the bone medulla known as?

A

Marrow cavity of the medulla.

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18
Q

What are the stages in the healing of a fracture?

A

Callus of new bone surrounding fracture line

Callus remodelling (resuming normal shape)

Healed bone

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19
Q

How might a fracture be treated surgically?

A

Reduced - bone ends realigned

Fixed - bone ends held in correct alignment

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20
Q

Why do bony features develop during bone growth?

A

Bony features develop if:

They are the best shape for their function

An adjacent structure (tendon, blood vessel, nerve, bone) applies a (tensile or compressive) force to the developing bone, moulding its shape. e.g. tuberosity

The bone has to grow around another structure forming a foramen

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21
Q

What bony feature is found at the proximal end of the humerus?

A

Greater tubercle (tuberosity) of the humerus.

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22
Q

What bony feature is found at the distal end of the radius?

A

Styloid process of the radius.

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23
Q

Where can the ischial tuberosity be found?

A

Posteriorly on the superior ramus of the ischium.

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24
Q

What is marked by the ischial tuberosity?

A

The lateral boundary of the pelvic inlet.

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25
Q

Where can the lesser trochanter be found?

A

Medially, at the proximal end of the femur.

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26
Q

Where can the femoral condyle be found?

A

Medially at the distal end of the femur.

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27
Q

Which bony feature is found at the proximal end of the tibia?

A

Tibial tuberosity.

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28
Q

Which bony feature is found medially at the distal end of the tibia?

A

Medial malleolus.

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29
Q

How is the floor of the cranial cavity divided?

A

Anterior cranial fossa

Middle cranial fossa

Posterior cranial fossa

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30
Q

Which bones make up the axial skeleton?

A

Bones of the skull

Bones of the neck (including cervical vertebrae & hyoid bone)

Bones of the trunk (chest, abdomen & back)

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31
Q

Which bones make up the appendicular skeleton?

A

Bones of the pectoral girdle (attaching upper limbs to skeleton)

Bones of the upper limbs

Bones of the pelvic girdle (attaching lower limbs to skeleton)

Bones of the lower limb

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32
Q

What is special about the hyoid bone?

A

It has no articulations, but floats in muscle.

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33
Q

Along which line does the base of the skull lie?

A

A line starting superior to the orbits and finishing inferior to the ears.

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34
Q

Which bones lie antero-inferior to the base of the skull?

A

Bones of the facial skeleton (viscerocranium).

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35
Q

Which bones lie superior and posterior to the base of the skull?

A

Bones of the cranial vault (neurocranium).

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36
Q

Which bones make up the the cranial vault?

A

Frontal bone

Parietal bone

Sphenoid bone

Temporal bone

Occipital bone

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37
Q

What is the name of the joint between the frontal bone and parietal bone?

A

Coronal suture.

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38
Q

What is the name of the joint between the left and right parietal bones?

A

Sagittal suture.

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39
Q

Which bones make up the base of the skull?

A

From anterior to posterior:

Frontal bone

(with the cribiform plate of the ethmoid bone medial)

Sphenoid bone

Left and right temporal bones

Occipital bone

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40
Q

Where is the foramen magnum found and what passes through it?

A

In the midline of the occipital bone.

The brain stem.

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41
Q

Which bones make up the facial skeleton?

A

Right and left nasal bones

Right and left zygoma (zygomatic bones) forming the prominence of the cheeks

Right and left maxilla

Right and left sides of the mandible

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42
Q

What the are Le Fort fractures of the facial skeleton?

A

Le Fort I - laterally along the maxilla

Le Fort II - laterally across the nasal bones and superior-posteriorly down the left and right maxilla

Le Fort III - across the base of the skull

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43
Q

What are the parts of the mandible?

A

Coronoid process (superior & anterior)

Head and neck of the ondylar process (superior & posterior)

Ramus

Angle

Lower border of the (R/L) side of the mandible

Body

Mental foramen

Mental process

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44
Q

How are the vertebrae of the spine distributed?

A

7 cervical (C1-C7)

12 thoracic (T1-T12)

5 lumbar (L1-L5)

5 sacral - fused to form the sacrum

4 coccygeal - fused to form the coccyx

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45
Q

What are the curvatures of the spine?

A

From superior to inferior:

Secondary curvature (cervical)

Primary curvature (thoracic)

Secondary curvature (lumbar)

Primary curvature (sacrum & coccyx)

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46
Q

What are the features of a typical vertebrae?

A

Spinous process - ligament & muscle attachments

Transverse processes - ligament, muscle & rib articulations

Superior and inferior articular processes - synovial facet joints with adjacent vertebrae

Verterbral arch - pedicles and laminae

Vertebral foramen - spinal cord

Vertebral body

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47
Q

Which part of the vertebrae may be affected by arthritis?

A

Facet joints.

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48
Q

What are the intervertebral foraminae?

A

Foraminae formed between two adjacent vertebrae, bounded by the body and arch of the vertebrae, protecting the spinal nerve connecting to the spinal cord.

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49
Q

What is the name given to the C1 vertebra and what is special about it?

A

Atlas

It has neither body nor spinous process, but instead has anterior and posterior arches

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50
Q

What is the name given to the C2 vertebra and what is special about it?

A

Axis

It has an odontoid process (the body of C1)

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51
Q

What is special about the cervical vertebrae?

A

They all have a foramina in each transverse process.

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52
Q

When examining the spine from superior to inferior which is the first readily palpable spinous process?

A

C7

(sometimes known as the vertebra prominens)

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53
Q

How are the ribs attached to the sternum?

A

True ribs (1 - 6) - via their costal cartilage

False ribs (7 - 10) - via the costal cartilage above

Floating ribs (11 & 12) - no attachment to sternum

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54
Q

Why is the first rib less likely to fracture than the others?

A

It is protected by the clavicle.

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55
Q

Which bones comprise the pectoral girdle?

A

Left and right scapulae

Left and right clavicles

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56
Q

Which bones make up the pelvic girdle?

A

Left and right hip bones.

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57
Q

How is the upper limb subdivided?

A

Arm (between shoulder and elbow joint)

Forearm (between elbow joint and wrist joint)

Hand (distal to the forearm)

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58
Q

How is the lower limb subdivided?

A

Thigh (between hip and knee joint)

Leg (between knee and ankle joint)

Foot (distal to the ankle)

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59
Q

What does the direction of movement depend on?

A

The side (aspect) on the joint the muscle spans.

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60
Q

Which side of the shoulder joint does the biceps brachii span and what movement does it produce?

A

Anterior aspect

Flexion of the shoulder joint

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61
Q

What are the three types of joint?

A

Fibrous

Cartilaginous

Synovial

62
Q

What are the two types of fibrous joint?

A

Sutures

Fibrous sheets

63
Q

Where are suture joints found?

A

In the cranium

64
Q

Which are the only non-suture joints in the skull?

A

Temperomandibular joint

Joints between the teeth

65
Q

What are the features of fibrous joints?

A

Limited mobility

Highly stable

66
Q

Give an example of a fibrous sheet (syndesmosis).

A

Interosseus membranes

67
Q

Give examples of interosseus membranes.

A

Between radius and ulna

Between tibia and fibula

68
Q

What types of cartilaginous joint are there?

A

Primary (epiphyseal growth plate)

Secondary (syphysis)

69
Q

What are the features of cartilaginous joints?

A

Fairly limited mobility

Relatively stable

Can slip

70
Q

Give an example of a secondary cartilaginous joint

A

Intervertebral discs of fibrocartilage

71
Q

Give an example of a primary cartilaginous joint.

A

Femoral epiphysis

72
Q

What are fontanelles?

A

Wide sutures in the suture joints of newborns allowing the head to be moulded (bones can slide over each other) to pass through the birth canal.

73
Q

How much of the height of the verterbral column is made up of intervertebral discs?

A

25% of height

74
Q

Describe an intervertebral disc.

A

Outer fibrous annulus fibrosus

Inner soft nucleus pulposus (up to 90% water in young people)

75
Q

Where are intervertebral discs found?

A

Between all vertebrae except C1 and C2, and in the coccyx and sacrum.

76
Q

What is herniation of an intervertebral disc?

A

Commonly known as a ‘slipped disc’

Nucleus pulposus escapes from the anulus fibrosus and presses on the spinal cord or nerves connecting to the spinal cord

77
Q

What are typical features of synovial joints?

A

2 or more bones articulating with each other

Articular surface covered with hyaline cartilage (reduce friction)

Capsule wrapping around the joint

Joint cavity

Ligaments

Skeletal muscle tendons

Bursae

78
Q

How are joint capsules formed?

A

Outer strong fibrous layer

Inner synovial membrane which secretes synovial fluid

79
Q

What does the joint cavity contain?

A

Synovial fluid which cushions against stress and provides lubricant and nutrients for hyaline cartilage.

80
Q

What are ligaments?

A

Fibrous bands connecting from one bone to another, strengthening the fibrous capsule and improving joint stability.

81
Q

What are tendons?

A

Fibrous bands connecting skeletal muscle to bones.

82
Q

What is the function of bursae?

A

To prevent friction around a joint during movement.

83
Q

What are the two types of bursae?

A

Synovial fluid filled extensions of the joint capsule

Closed sacs of synovial membrane containing synovial fluid near to, but separate from, the joint cavity

84
Q

What is a unique features of the knee joint?

A

Menisci (fibrocartilaginous discs) to improve stability.

85
Q

What are the 5 types of synovial joint?

A

Pivot joint

Plane joint

Ball and socket joint

Hinge joint

Biaxial joint

86
Q

Name a pivot joint.

A

Atlantoaxial joint between C1 and C2

87
Q

What type of movement does the atlantoaxial joint allow?

A

>45º rotation (shaking head)

88
Q

What movement does a plane joint allow?

A

Minimum movement in a single plane.

89
Q

Give an example of a plane joint.

A

Acromioclavicular joint.

90
Q

Give an example of a ball and socket joint.

A

Hip joint.

91
Q

Describe the movement allowed by ball and socket joints.

A

Reasonable to very good range of multi-axial movement.

92
Q

Give an example of a hinge joint.

A

Elbow joint.

93
Q

What range of movement does a hinge joint allow?

A

Reasonable range of movement in a single plane.

94
Q

Give an example of a biaxial joint.

A

In hands and feet.

95
Q

What types of movement is allowed by a biaxial joint?

A

Reasonable range of movement in one plane, and less in another.

96
Q

What are the articulations of the knee joint?

A

2 femerotibial articulations

femeropatellar (patellofemoral) articulation

97
Q

Which bones articulate in the knee joint?

A

Patella

Tibia

Femur

98
Q

How many menisci are there in the knee joint?

A

2

99
Q

Name the bursae of the knee joint.

A

Suprapatellar bursa (extension of joint capsule)

Subcutaneous prepatellar bursa (sac)

Subcutaneous infrapatellar bursa (sac)

Deep infrapatellar bursa (sac)

100
Q

What are the 5 major ligaments of the knee joint?

A

Patellar ligament

Tibial collateral

Fibular collateral

Anterior cruciate

Posterior cruciate

101
Q

What are the articular parts of the femur?

A

Medial and lateral femoral condyles.

102
Q

What are the articular parts of the tibia?

A

Medial and lateral tibial condyles.

103
Q

Which parts of the knee joint are replaced in a total knee replacement?

A

Femoral condyles replaced by femoral prosthesis

Tibial condyles replaced by tibial plate

104
Q

Why is the shoulder joint more mobile but less stable than the hip joint?

A

Because the ball and socket of the hip are a much tighter fit, giving increased stability but less flexibility.

105
Q

What is the normal range of movement of the shoulder joint?

A

180º flexion

90º extension

180º abduction

45º adduction

90º internal rotation

60º external rotation

106
Q

What is the normal range of movement of a hip joint?

A

135º flexion

15º extension

45º abduction

30º adduction

35º internal rotation

45º external rotation

107
Q

What is subluxation?

A

Reduced area of contact between two articular surface.

108
Q

What is disclocation?

A

Complete loss of contact between articular surfaces.

109
Q

Which joints commonly disclocate?

A

Craniovertebral joints

Temperomandibular joints

Acromiocravicular joints (rugby)

Shoulder joints

Elbow joints

Interphalangeal joints (PIP and DIP)

Knee joints

Hip joints (especially after replacement)

Pubic symphysis (under influence of placental hormone relaxin)

Ankle joints (traumatic fracture-dislocation)

110
Q

What are the articulations of the temperomandibular joint?

A

Mandibular fossa

Articular tubercle of the temporal bone

Head of the condylar process of the mandible

111
Q

What is the special feature of the TMJ?

A

Articular disc between the superior and inferior articular cavities

112
Q

What happens to the head of the condylar process of the mandible in dislocation of the TMJ? What is the result of this?

A

It get stucks anterior to the articular tubercle of the temporal bone.

Mouth is wide open and cannot be closed.

113
Q

What feature would suggest a bilateral TMJ?

A

If the chin stays in the midline.

114
Q

What are arterial anastamoses and what is their importance in the blood supply to joints?

A

Connections between arteries.

Periarticular arterial anastamoses are common as they ensure a continued blood supply during all movements of the joint.

115
Q

Which sensations are detected by the sensory receptors of the joints?

A

touch

temperature

pain

proprioception

116
Q

Which joints are most prone to wear and tear damage?

A

Weight bearing joints:

vertebral column

sacroiliac

lower limb

117
Q

What are the three types of muscle?

A

Cardiac

Smooth muscle

Skeletal muscle

118
Q

Which types of muscle are not under voluntary control?

A

Cardiac and smooth muscle.

119
Q

Which types of muscle are striated?

A

Cardiac and skeletal muscle.

120
Q

Give some examples of smooth muscle.

A

Walls of blood vessels

Walls of airways

Walls of hollow organs such as the stomach

Ducts

121
Q

How is skeletal muscle made up?

A

Fascicles

Muscle fibres (myocytes)

Bundles of myofibrils

Actin and myosin filaments

122
Q

What is a pulled/strained muscle?

A

When muscle fibres are torn - the more fibres torn, the worse the strain.

123
Q

What is special about skeletal muscle fibres?

A

They have multiple nuclei.

124
Q

What causes the striated appearance of skeletal muscle?

A

The overlapping segments of myosin and actin.

125
Q

What are the types of skeletal muscle?

A

Flat muscle with aponeurosis (flattened tendon)

Unipennate

Bipennate

Multipennate

Fusiform

Quadrate

Circular or sphincteral

126
Q

What makes up the muscle belly?

A

The contractile muscle fibres.

127
Q

What happens to the muscle belly during contraction?

A

It shortens and thickens.

128
Q

Where are aponeurosis tendons normally found?

A

On flat muscle, for example the muscles of the anteroateral abdominal wall.

129
Q

What is special about aponeuroses?

A

They attach to other soft tissue rather than bone.

For example, the aponeuroses of the muscles of the anterolateral abdominal wall attach to each other in the midline.

130
Q

What are the points of attachement of skeletal muscles to bone?

A

Origin(s) - the area of attachment that moves least during contraction

Insertion(s) - the area of attachment that moves most during contraction

131
Q

What happens to the origin and insertion during contraction.

A

They approximate (become closer together)

132
Q

What is flexion?

A

Movement produced by a muscle spanning the anterior aspect of a joint.

133
Q

Which groups of fibres does the deltoid consist of and which movement do they make?

A

Posterior fibres - extension of the shoulder

Middle fibres - abduction of the shoulder

Anterior fibres - flexion of the shoulder

134
Q

What are the origin of the deltoid muscle?

A

Spine of scapula

Acromion process of scapula

Lateral 1/3 of clavicle

135
Q

What is the insertion point of the deltoid muscle?

A

Deltoid tuberosity of humerus

136
Q

What are the articulations of the humerus and ulna?

A

Trochlea of the distal humerus

Trochlear notch of the proximal ulna

137
Q

What are the two main reflexes associated with skeletal muscles?

A

Stretch reflex

Flexion withdrawal reflex

138
Q

What type of reflex are the biceps jerk, triceps jerk, knee jerk and ankle jerk?

A

Stretch reflexes.

139
Q

What is the reflex arc?

A

Sensory nerve from muscle

Synapse in spinal cord between sensory and motor nerves

Motor nerve to muscle

Neuromuscular junction

140
Q

How are overly brisk reflexes subdued?

A

Descending controls from the brain.

141
Q

What does a normal stretch reflex indicate?

A

Muscle

Sensory nerve fibres

Motor nerve fibres

Spinal cord connection between sensory and motor nerves

Neuromuscular junction

Descending controls

are all intact and functioning normally

142
Q

What is muscle paralysis?

A

Muscle without functioning motor nerve.

143
Q

How would a paralyzed muscle appear on examination?

A

It would have reduced tone (floppy).

144
Q

What is muscle spasticity?

A

When the muscle has an intact and functioning motor nerve but the descending controls from the brain aren’t working.

145
Q

How would a spastic muscle appear on examination?

A

Increased tone (tight).

146
Q

What is muscle atrophy?

A

When the individual muscle fibres become smaller, reducing the muscle’s bulk.

147
Q

Where are skeletal muscles?

A

Below the deep fascia.

148
Q

What are the compartments of the thigh?

A

Anterior, medial and posterior.

149
Q

What are the compartments of the lower leg?

A

Anterior, posterior and lateral.

150
Q

What are the compartments of the arm?

A

Anterior and posterior.

151
Q

What are the compartments of the forearm?

A

Anterior and posterior.

152
Q

What are the features of compartment syndrome?

A

Intact skin

Increasing swelling

Pain at rest

Pain most severe on passive stretching of compartment’s muscles

Anatomy (10 decks)

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