Nervous System Flashcards
1
Q
CN I
A
Olfactory Nerve - Cribiform plate of the ethmoid bone
2
Q
CN II
A
Optic Nerve - Optic Canal
3
Q
CN III
A
Oculomotor Nerve - Superior Orbital Fissure
4
Q
CN IV
A
Trochlear Nerve - Superior Orbital Fissure
5
Q
CN V
A
Trigeminal Nerve
CN V1 - Superior Orbital Fissure
CN V2 - Foramen rotundum
CN V3 - Foramen Ovale
6
Q
CN VI
A
Abducent Nerve - Superior Orbital Fissure
7
Q
CN VII
A
Facial Nerve - Internal Acoustic Meatus
8
Q
CN VIII
A
Vestibulocochlear Nerve - Internal accoustic meatus
9
Q
CN IX
A
Glossopharyngeal Nerve - Jugular Foramen
10
Q
CN X
A
Vagus Nerve - Jugular Foramen
11
Q
CN XI
A
Spinal Accessory Nerve - Jugular Foramen
12
Q
CN XII
A
Hypoglossal Nerve - Hypoglossal Canal
13
Q
How are the cranial nerves numbered?
A
The order which they connect with the brain from anterior to posterior or medial to lateral
14
Q
What type of nerve is the vagus nerve?
A
Mixed cranial nerve
15
Q
Where does the vagus nerve connect with the CNS?
A
Medulla oblongata
16
Q
What are the three divisions of the Peripheral Nervous System?
A
cranial nerves - wiring to/from head
spinal nerves - wiring to/from body and limbs
autonomic nerves - wiring to/from organs
17
Q
What are the three types of autonomic nerves?
A
Visceral afferents
Sympathetic
Parasympathetic
18
Q
What is a group of nerve cell bodies known as in the CNS?
A
Nucleus
19
Q
What is a group of nerves in the PNS known as?
A
Ganglion
20
Q
What is a group of axons travelling together in the CNS called?
A
Tract
21
Q
What is a bundle of axons travelling together in the PNS called?
A
peripheral nerve
22
Q
Where are synapses found?
A
In nuclei (CNS) or ganglia (PNS)
23
Q
What is a fold of the cerebral neocortex called?
A
Gyrus (raised part)
Sulcus (dipped part)
24
Q
What does the grey matter of the brain contain?
A
Cell bodies
25
What does the white matter of the brain contain?
Myelinated axons
26
What is the difference between the location of white and grey matter between the spinal cord and the brain?
In the spinal cord the white matter is superficial and the grey matter is deep.
In the brain the grey matter is superficial and the white matter is deep.
27
What shapes does the arrangement of grey matter within the spinal cord give rise to?
R/L posterior and anterior horns of the spinal cord
28
What are the two enlargements of the spinal cord?
Cervical - upper limb nerves
Lumbosacral - lower limb nerves
29
How many pairs of spinal nerves are there?
31
30
At what level does the spinal cord end inferiorly?
L1 / L2 intervertebral disc
31
What is the conus medullaris?
The point at which the spinal cord ends
32
What is the cauda equina?
The roots of the lumbar and sacral spinal nerves descending in the vertebral canal to their intervertebral foraminae
33
How many cervical spinal nerves are there?
C1 - C8 (bilaterally)
34
How many thoracic spinal nerves are there?
T1 - T12 (bilaterally)
35
How many lumbar spinal nerves are there?
L1 - L5 (bilaterally)
36
How many sacral nerves are there?
S1 - S5 (bilaterally)
37
How many coccygeal spinal nerves are there?
Co (bilaterally)
38
Where exactly is the spinal nerve?
The part of the nerve that is located **within the intervertebral foramen below** the vertebra of the same number (except for the cervical)
39
What connects a spinal nerve to the spinal cord?
Anterior root & rootlets
Posterior root & rootlets
40
Where are the cell bodies of a spinal nerve?
R/L posterior root ganglia
41
What branch of the spinal nerve supplies the posterior body wall?
Posterior ramus
42
What branch of the spinal nerve supplies the anterolateral body wall?
Anterior ramus
43
Which dermatome supplies the right nipple?
Right T4 nerve
44
Which dermatome supplies the level of the umbilicus?
T10 spinal nerve
45
Which rami supply the limb dermatomes?
Anterior rami - via plexi
46
What are nerve plexi?
Networks of intertwined anterior rami axons
47
Which plexus mainly serves the neck wall?
Right cervical plexus
| (C1 - C4 anterior rami)
48
Which plexus supples the upper limb?
Brachial plexus
| (C5 - T1 anterior rami)
49
Which plexus supplies the lower limb?
Lumbar plexus
(L1 - L4)
Right sacral plexus
(L5 - S4)
50
Which plexus supplies the pelvis & perineum?
Right sacral plexus
| (L5 - S4)
51
How are named nerves formed?
Axons from more than 1 spinal cord segment/spinal nerve
They result from a plexus
52
What are the 5 named nerves of the upper limb?
Axillary nerve
Median nerve
Musculocutaneous nerve
Radial nerve
Ulnar nerve
53
Where do the sympathetic nerves leave the spinal cord?
The anterior rootlets / root
54
How do sympathetic nerves reach the body wall?
Sympathetic axons leave via the spinal nerve anterior or posterior ramus
55
What is the name given to the ganglia of the sympathetic trunks?
(verterbra) paravertebral ganglion
56
What is a splanchnic nerve fibre?
A sympathetic nerve travelling to either an organ or prevertebral ganglion
57
How do the sympathetic axons connect to T1-L2 spinal nerves?
Via rami communicans
58
Which cranial nerves contain parasympathetic axons?
CN III - occulomotor
CN VII - facial
CN IX - glossopharyngeal
CN X - vagus
59
How many parasympathetic ganglia are there in the head?
four
60
Which parts of the body make up the soma (body walls)?
Head and neck walls
Chest wall
Back
Diaphragm
Anterolateral abdominal wall
Limbs
61
List the structures of the soma from superficial to deep
Skin
Fascia
Skeletal muscle
Skeleton
Internal lining of body cavities
62
As well as as the obvious organs which other structures form the viscerae?
Glands
Smooth and cardiac muscle
Arterioles
External lining of organs (visceral pleura/peritoneum)
63
What is the motor supply to the organs?
Sympathetic
Parasympathetic
64
What is the motor supply to the body wall?
Somatic motor
65
What is the sensory supply to the body wall?
Somatic sensory
66
What is the sensory supply to the viscerae?
Visceral afferent
67
What is the sensory supply to the special sense organs (e.g. eyes)?
Special sensory
68
What is the motor supply to the special sense organs?
Sympathetic
Parasympathetic
69
What is a mixed nerve?
One which carries a mixture of nerve types.
e.g. somatic sensory and somatic motor
70
Which cranial nerves are purely special sensory?
CN I - olfactory
CN II - optic
CN VIII - vestibulocochlear
71
What type of nerve is the occulomotor nerve (CN III)?
motor
parasympathetic
72
What sort of nerves are CN IV (trochlear)?
Motor
73
What sort of nerves are CN V, the trigeminal nerves?
CN V1 and CNV2 - sensory
CN V3 - mixed sensory and motor
74
Which cranial nerves are purely motor nerves?
CN IV - trochlear
CN VI - abducent
CN XI - spinal accessory
CN XII - hypoglossal
75
What types of nerves are the facial nerves (CN VII)?
Special sensory
Motor
Parasympathetic
76
What types of nerves are the glossopharyngeal nerves (CN IX)?
Special sensory
Sensory
Motor
Parasympathetic
77
What type of nerves are the vagus nerves?
Sensory
Motor
Parasympathetic
78
What sensations are perceived by the body wall?
Coarse touch - mechanoreceptors
Fine touch - mechanoreceptors
Vibration - mechanoreceptors
Proprioception (position sense) - mechanoreceptors
Temperature - thermoreceptors
Pain - nociceptors
79
What are the characteristics of body wall pain?
Sharp
Stabbing
Well localised
80
At which point do signals from the soma cross over to the other side of the body?
The axon crosses the midline from the posterior horn into a spinal cord tract which ascends towards the opposite side of the cerebral cortex
81
How many neurones are involved in the sensory pathway for temperature?
3
from body wall to posterior rootlet of spinal cord
from spinal cord to thalamus
from thalamus to cerebral cortex
82
Where are the primary somatosensory areas?
the anterior part of the R & L parietal lobes
83
Where are the primary somatomotor areas?
the posterior part of the R & L frontal lobes
84
Which are the upper motor neurones?
The first motor neurones in the chain, from the brain to the spinal cord
85
At which point in their course do motor neurons cross from one side of the body to the other?
Upper motor neurons cross over in the brainstem
86
What is a reflex?
Extremely rapid involuntary response to potentially harmful stimulus
87
What sensations can our organs perceive?
(except the brain which is insensitive)
Touch
Temperature
Pain - ischaemic or colicky
88
How does organ pain feel?
Dull
Aching/nauseating
Poorly localised
May be referred to the body wall
89
What is the effect of the sympathetic division on the pupils?
Dilation
90
What is the effect of the sympathetic division on the heart?
Heart rate increases
Force of contraction increases
91
What is the effect of the sympathetic division on the airways?
Bronchodilatation
92
What is the effect of the sympathetic division on the GI system?
Motility is reduced
Sphincters close
93
What is the effect of the sympathetic division on the liver?
Glucose is released into the blood
94
What is the effect of the sympathetic division on the adrenal glands?
Adrenaline/noradrenaline is released
95
What is the effect of the sympathetic division on the arterioles?
Dilate in skeletal muscle
Constrict in skin
96
What is the effect of the sympathetic division on the skin?
Hair stands on end
Sweat production
97
Which structures of the body wall are supplied by sympathetic fibres?
Skin sweat glands
Skin arrector muscles
All arterioles
98
What are the differences between the supply of the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the ANS?
All internal organs are supplied by both divisions
## Footnote
**Body wall organs and arterioles are only supplied by sympathetic division and not by parasympathetic division**
99
Which cranial nerves supply the organs of the head, neck, chest, foregut and midgut?
CN III - occulomotor
VII - facial
IX - glossopharyngeal
X - vagus
100
What is the parasympathetic craniosacral outflow?
Parasympathetic axons supplying the hindgut, pelvis, perineum in the sacral spinal nerves
101
What is the neurotransmitter in the preganglionic neurons of both sympathetic and parasympathetic ANS?
ACh
102
Where are sympathetic ganglia found?
Closer to the spinal cord, distant from the effector cell.
103
Where are the parasympathetic ganglia found?
Usually in the target organ, close to the effector cell
104
What is the neurotransmitter for postganglionic parasympathetic neurons?
ACh
105
What is the neurotransmitted for postganglionic sympathetic neurons?
Usually noradrenaline (NA)
106
What is important about the innervation of the adrenal gland by the sympathetic ANS?
It is **preganglionic** and uses **ACh** as neurotranmitter
107
What is the effect of parasympathetic stimulation on the heart?
Decreases heart rate
108
What is the effect of parasympathetic innervation on the lungs?
Bronchoconstriction
Stimulates mucus production
109
What is the effect of parasympathetic innervation on the GI system?
Increases motility
Relaxes sphincters
110
What is the effect of parasympathetic innervation of the vasculature?
No effect
111
What is the effect of parasympathetic innervation of the release of adrenaline from the adrenal gland?
None
112
How do the sympathetic and parasympathetic ANS work together during sexual arousal in the male?
Parasympathetic - erection
Sympathetic - ejaculation
113
What is the course of the phrenic nerve through the mediastinum to the diaphragm?
Along the lateral borders of the pericardium
114
How do visceral afferents travel to the heart?
Pain fibres - alongside sympathetic nerves
Reflex afferents (e.g. baroreceptors) - mainly in vagus nerve (also spinal accessory)
115
Where do presynaptic sympathetic fibres heading for the organs leave the spinal cord?
T1-L2/L3 spinal nerves
116
What is the course of the right vagus nerve through the mediastinum?
trachea
oesophagus
117
How do the vagus nerves pass through the diaphragm to the stomach?
Along the oesophagus
