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Anatomy > Nervous System > Flashcards

Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

CN I

A

Olfactory Nerve - Cribiform plate of the ethmoid bone

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2
Q

CN II

A

Optic Nerve - Optic Canal

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3
Q

CN III

A

Oculomotor Nerve - Superior Orbital Fissure

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4
Q

CN IV

A

Trochlear Nerve - Superior Orbital Fissure

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5
Q

CN V

A

Trigeminal Nerve

CN V1 - Superior Orbital Fissure

CN V2 - Foramen rotundum

CN V3 - Foramen Ovale

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6
Q

CN VI

A

Abducent Nerve - Superior Orbital Fissure

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7
Q

CN VII

A

Facial Nerve - Internal Acoustic Meatus

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8
Q

CN VIII

A

Vestibulocochlear Nerve - Internal accoustic meatus

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9
Q

CN IX

A

Glossopharyngeal Nerve - Jugular Foramen

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10
Q

CN X

A

Vagus Nerve - Jugular Foramen

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11
Q

CN XI

A

Spinal Accessory Nerve - Jugular Foramen

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12
Q

CN XII

A

Hypoglossal Nerve - Hypoglossal Canal

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13
Q

How are the cranial nerves numbered?

A

The order which they connect with the brain from anterior to posterior or medial to lateral

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14
Q

What type of nerve is the vagus nerve?

A

Mixed cranial nerve

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15
Q

Where does the vagus nerve connect with the CNS?

A

Medulla oblongata

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16
Q

What are the three divisions of the Peripheral Nervous System?

A

cranial nerves - wiring to/from head

spinal nerves - wiring to/from body and limbs

autonomic nerves - wiring to/from organs

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17
Q

What are the three types of autonomic nerves?

A

Visceral afferents

Sympathetic

Parasympathetic

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18
Q

What is a group of nerve cell bodies known as in the CNS?

A

Nucleus

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19
Q

What is a group of nerves in the PNS known as?

A

Ganglion

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20
Q

What is a group of axons travelling together in the CNS called?

A

Tract

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21
Q

What is a bundle of axons travelling together in the PNS called?

A

peripheral nerve

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22
Q

Where are synapses found?

A

In nuclei (CNS) or ganglia (PNS)

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23
Q

What is a fold of the cerebral neocortex called?

A

Gyrus (raised part)

Sulcus (dipped part)

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24
Q

What does the grey matter of the brain contain?

A

Cell bodies

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25
Q

What does the white matter of the brain contain?

A

Myelinated axons

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26
Q

What is the difference between the location of white and grey matter between the spinal cord and the brain?

A

In the spinal cord the white matter is superficial and the grey matter is deep.

In the brain the grey matter is superficial and the white matter is deep.

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27
Q

What shapes does the arrangement of grey matter within the spinal cord give rise to?

A

R/L posterior and anterior horns of the spinal cord

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28
Q

What are the two enlargements of the spinal cord?

A

Cervical - upper limb nerves

Lumbosacral - lower limb nerves

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29
Q

How many pairs of spinal nerves are there?

A

31

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30
Q

At what level does the spinal cord end inferiorly?

A

L1 / L2 intervertebral disc

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31
Q

What is the conus medullaris?

A

The point at which the spinal cord ends

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32
Q

What is the cauda equina?

A

The roots of the lumbar and sacral spinal nerves descending in the vertebral canal to their intervertebral foraminae

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33
Q

How many cervical spinal nerves are there?

A

C1 - C8 (bilaterally)

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34
Q

How many thoracic spinal nerves are there?

A

T1 - T12 (bilaterally)

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35
Q

How many lumbar spinal nerves are there?

A

L1 - L5 (bilaterally)

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36
Q

How many sacral nerves are there?

A

S1 - S5 (bilaterally)

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37
Q

How many coccygeal spinal nerves are there?

A

Co (bilaterally)

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38
Q

Where exactly is the spinal nerve?

A

The part of the nerve that is located within the intervertebral foramen below the vertebra of the same number (except for the cervical)

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39
Q

What connects a spinal nerve to the spinal cord?

A

Anterior root & rootlets

Posterior root & rootlets

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40
Q

Where are the cell bodies of a spinal nerve?

A

R/L posterior root ganglia

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41
Q

What branch of the spinal nerve supplies the posterior body wall?

A

Posterior ramus

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42
Q

What branch of the spinal nerve supplies the anterolateral body wall?

A

Anterior ramus

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43
Q

Which dermatome supplies the right nipple?

A

Right T4 nerve

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44
Q

Which dermatome supplies the level of the umbilicus?

A

T10 spinal nerve

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45
Q

Which rami supply the limb dermatomes?

A

Anterior rami - via plexi

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46
Q

What are nerve plexi?

A

Networks of intertwined anterior rami axons

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47
Q

Which plexus mainly serves the neck wall?

A

Right cervical plexus

(C1 - C4 anterior rami)

48
Q

Which plexus supples the upper limb?

A

Brachial plexus

(C5 - T1 anterior rami)

49
Q

Which plexus supplies the lower limb?

A

Lumbar plexus

(L1 - L4)

Right sacral plexus

(L5 - S4)

50
Q

Which plexus supplies the pelvis & perineum?

A

Right sacral plexus

(L5 - S4)

51
Q

How are named nerves formed?

A

Axons from more than 1 spinal cord segment/spinal nerve

They result from a plexus

52
Q

What are the 5 named nerves of the upper limb?

A

Axillary nerve

Median nerve

Musculocutaneous nerve

Radial nerve

Ulnar nerve

53
Q

Where do the sympathetic nerves leave the spinal cord?

A

The anterior rootlets / root

54
Q

How do sympathetic nerves reach the body wall?

A

Sympathetic axons leave via the spinal nerve anterior or posterior ramus

55
Q

What is the name given to the ganglia of the sympathetic trunks?

A

(verterbra) paravertebral ganglion

56
Q

What is a splanchnic nerve fibre?

A

A sympathetic nerve travelling to either an organ or prevertebral ganglion

57
Q

How do the sympathetic axons connect to T1-L2 spinal nerves?

A

Via rami communicans

58
Q

Which cranial nerves contain parasympathetic axons?

A

CN III - occulomotor

CN VII - facial

CN IX - glossopharyngeal

CN X - vagus

59
Q

How many parasympathetic ganglia are there in the head?

A

four

60
Q

Which parts of the body make up the soma (body walls)?

A

Head and neck walls

Chest wall

Back

Diaphragm

Anterolateral abdominal wall

Limbs

61
Q

List the structures of the soma from superficial to deep

A

Skin

Fascia

Skeletal muscle

Skeleton

Internal lining of body cavities

62
Q

As well as as the obvious organs which other structures form the viscerae?

A

Glands

Smooth and cardiac muscle

Arterioles

External lining of organs (visceral pleura/peritoneum)

63
Q

What is the motor supply to the organs?

A

Sympathetic

Parasympathetic

64
Q

What is the motor supply to the body wall?

A

Somatic motor

65
Q

What is the sensory supply to the body wall?

A

Somatic sensory

66
Q

What is the sensory supply to the viscerae?

A

Visceral afferent

67
Q

What is the sensory supply to the special sense organs (e.g. eyes)?

A

Special sensory

68
Q

What is the motor supply to the special sense organs?

A

Sympathetic

Parasympathetic

69
Q

What is a mixed nerve?

A

One which carries a mixture of nerve types.

e.g. somatic sensory and somatic motor

70
Q

Which cranial nerves are purely special sensory?

A

CN I - olfactory

CN II - optic

CN VIII - vestibulocochlear

71
Q

What type of nerve is the occulomotor nerve (CN III)?

A

motor

parasympathetic

72
Q

What sort of nerves are CN IV (trochlear)?

A

Motor

73
Q

What sort of nerves are CN V, the trigeminal nerves?

A

CN V1 and CNV2 - sensory

CN V3 - mixed sensory and motor

74
Q

Which cranial nerves are purely motor nerves?

A

CN IV - trochlear

CN VI - abducent

CN XI - spinal accessory

CN XII - hypoglossal

75
Q

What types of nerves are the facial nerves (CN VII)?

A

Special sensory

Motor

Parasympathetic

76
Q

What types of nerves are the glossopharyngeal nerves (CN IX)?

A

Special sensory

Sensory

Motor

Parasympathetic

77
Q

What type of nerves are the vagus nerves?

A

Sensory

Motor

Parasympathetic

78
Q

What sensations are perceived by the body wall?

A

Coarse touch - mechanoreceptors

Fine touch - mechanoreceptors

Vibration - mechanoreceptors

Proprioception (position sense) - mechanoreceptors

Temperature - thermoreceptors

Pain - nociceptors

79
Q

What are the characteristics of body wall pain?

A

Sharp

Stabbing

Well localised

80
Q

At which point do signals from the soma cross over to the other side of the body?

A

The axon crosses the midline from the posterior horn into a spinal cord tract which ascends towards the opposite side of the cerebral cortex

81
Q

How many neurones are involved in the sensory pathway for temperature?

A

3

from body wall to posterior rootlet of spinal cord

from spinal cord to thalamus

from thalamus to cerebral cortex

82
Q

Where are the primary somatosensory areas?

A

the anterior part of the R & L parietal lobes

83
Q

Where are the primary somatomotor areas?

A

the posterior part of the R & L frontal lobes

84
Q

Which are the upper motor neurones?

A

The first motor neurones in the chain, from the brain to the spinal cord

85
Q

At which point in their course do motor neurons cross from one side of the body to the other?

A

Upper motor neurons cross over in the brainstem

86
Q

What is a reflex?

A

Extremely rapid involuntary response to potentially harmful stimulus

87
Q

What sensations can our organs perceive?

A

(except the brain which is insensitive)

Touch

Temperature

Pain - ischaemic or colicky

88
Q

How does organ pain feel?

A

Dull

Aching/nauseating

Poorly localised

May be referred to the body wall

89
Q

What is the effect of the sympathetic division on the pupils?

A

Dilation

90
Q

What is the effect of the sympathetic division on the heart?

A

Heart rate increases

Force of contraction increases

91
Q

What is the effect of the sympathetic division on the airways?

A

Bronchodilatation

92
Q

What is the effect of the sympathetic division on the GI system?

A

Motility is reduced

Sphincters close

93
Q

What is the effect of the sympathetic division on the liver?

A

Glucose is released into the blood

94
Q

What is the effect of the sympathetic division on the adrenal glands?

A

Adrenaline/noradrenaline is released

95
Q

What is the effect of the sympathetic division on the arterioles?

A

Dilate in skeletal muscle

Constrict in skin

96
Q

What is the effect of the sympathetic division on the skin?

A

Hair stands on end

Sweat production

97
Q

Which structures of the body wall are supplied by sympathetic fibres?

A

Skin sweat glands

Skin arrector muscles

All arterioles

98
Q

What are the differences between the supply of the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the ANS?

A

All internal organs are supplied by both divisions

Body wall organs and arterioles are only supplied by sympathetic division and not by parasympathetic division

99
Q

Which cranial nerves supply the organs of the head, neck, chest, foregut and midgut?

A

CN III - occulomotor

VII - facial

IX - glossopharyngeal

X - vagus

100
Q

What is the parasympathetic craniosacral outflow?

A

Parasympathetic axons supplying the hindgut, pelvis, perineum in the sacral spinal nerves

101
Q

What is the neurotransmitter in the preganglionic neurons of both sympathetic and parasympathetic ANS?

A

ACh

102
Q

Where are sympathetic ganglia found?

A

Closer to the spinal cord, distant from the effector cell.

103
Q

Where are the parasympathetic ganglia found?

A

Usually in the target organ, close to the effector cell

104
Q

What is the neurotransmitter for postganglionic parasympathetic neurons?

A

ACh

105
Q

What is the neurotransmitted for postganglionic sympathetic neurons?

A

Usually noradrenaline (NA)

106
Q

What is important about the innervation of the adrenal gland by the sympathetic ANS?

A

It is preganglionic and uses ACh as neurotranmitter

107
Q

What is the effect of parasympathetic stimulation on the heart?

A

Decreases heart rate

108
Q

What is the effect of parasympathetic innervation on the lungs?

A

Bronchoconstriction

Stimulates mucus production

109
Q

What is the effect of parasympathetic innervation on the GI system?

A

Increases motility

Relaxes sphincters

110
Q

What is the effect of parasympathetic innervation of the vasculature?

A

No effect

111
Q

What is the effect of parasympathetic innervation of the release of adrenaline from the adrenal gland?

A

None

112
Q

How do the sympathetic and parasympathetic ANS work together during sexual arousal in the male?

A

Parasympathetic - erection

Sympathetic - ejaculation

113
Q

What is the course of the phrenic nerve through the mediastinum to the diaphragm?

A

Along the lateral borders of the pericardium

114
Q

How do visceral afferents travel to the heart?

A

Pain fibres - alongside sympathetic nerves

Reflex afferents (e.g. baroreceptors) - mainly in vagus nerve (also spinal accessory)

115
Q

Where do presynaptic sympathetic fibres heading for the organs leave the spinal cord?

A

T1-L2/L3 spinal nerves

116
Q

What is the course of the right vagus nerve through the mediastinum?

A

trachea

oesophagus

117
Q

How do the vagus nerves pass through the diaphragm to the stomach?

A

Along the oesophagus

Anatomy (10 decks)

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