Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Anatomy > Gastrointestinal System > Flashcards

Gastrointestinal System Flashcards

1
Q

Which organs make up the foregut?

A

Oesophagus

Stomach

First half of the duodenum

Liver

Gallbladder

Spleen

Half of pancreas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Which organs make up the midgut?

A

Second half of duodenum

Jejunum

Ileum

Ascending colon

Proximal 2/3 of transverse colon

Half of pancreas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Which organs make up the hind gut?

A

distal 1/3 of the transverse colon

descending colon

sigmoid colon

proximal half of the anal canal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Which nerves are involved in the gag reflex?

A

Glossopharyngeal - sensory & motor

Vagal - motor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Which nerve provides sensory and special sensory (taste) innervation to the posterior 1/3 of the tongue?

A

Glossopharyngeal

CN IX

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Which nerves provide sensory innervation to the anterior 2/3rds of the tongue?

A

Mandibular branch of trigeminal (CN V3) - sensory

Facial nerve (CN VII) - chorda tympani - special sensory (taste)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Which parasympathetic nerves innervate the salivary glands?

A

Parotid - glossopharyngeal (CN IX)

Submandibular - facial nerve (CN VII)

Sublingual - facial nerve (CN VII)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Which sympathetic nerve fibres innervate the salivary glands?

A

Post-ganglionic neurons of the

superior cervical ganglia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the features of intraperitoneal organs?

A

Almost completely covered with visceral peritoneum

Minimally mobile

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Give examples of retroperitoneal organs.

A

Kidneys

Pancreas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are the features of organs with a mesentery?

A

Covered in visceral peritoneum and suspended from posterior abdominal wall by mesentery

Highly mobile

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is a mesentery?

A

Double layer of visceral peritoneum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What procedure is performed to drain the peritoneal cavity of ascites?

A

Paracentesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What should the needle placement be for paracentesis?

A

lateral to rectus sheath to avoid inferior epigastric vessels

(running deep to rectus abdominus)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Where does the inferior epigastric artery arise?

A

from the external iliac

just medial to the deep inguinal ring

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Which two organs are attached by the lesser omentum?

A

Liver and stomach

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Which two organs are attached by the greater omentum?

A

Stomach and transverse colon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Which structure attaches the liver to the anterior abdominal wall?

A

Falciform ligament

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Where does the portal triad lie?

A

Within the free edge of the lesser omentum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

How do the omenta divide the peritoneal cavity?

A

Into a greater sac and a lesser sac, which communicate via the omental foramen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

In the male, what pouch is formed by the inferior aspect of the peritoneum?

A

Rectovesical pouch - between bladder and rectum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

In the female which pouches are formed by the inferior aspect of the peritoneum?

A

Uterovesical pouch

Rectouterine pouch

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

How does the autonomic nervous sytem influence peristalsis?

A

parasympathetic - speed up peristalsis

sympathetic - slow down peristalsis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Where do the sympathetic nerve fibres supplying the abdominal organs leave the spinal cord?

A

T5 to L2

abdominopelvic splanchnic nerves

synapse at prevertebral ganglia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

How do postsynaptic sympathetic nerve fibres reach the abdominal organs?

A

travel from prevertebral ganglia on the surface of arterial branches in periarterial plexuses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What is unique about the sympathetic nerve supply to the adrenal glands?

A

Leave the spinal cord at T10 - L1 with abdominopelvic splanchnic nerves but do not synapse at prevertebral ganglia

carried within perarterial plexuses to adrenal gland where they synapse directly onto cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

How do vagus nerve fibres travel to the foregut and midgut organs?

A

Enter the abdominal cavity on the surface of the oesophagus - vagal trunks

travel along periarterial plexuses on abdominal aorta

Synapse in ganglia on organ walls

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

How do parasympathetic nerve fibres travel to the hind gut organs?

A

Pelvic splanchnic nerves S2 - S4

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Where do pain fibres from the foregut enter the spinal cord?

A

T6 - T9

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Where do pain fibres from the midgut enter the spinal cord?

A

T8 - T12

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Where do pain fibres from the hindgut enter the spinal cord?

A

T10 - L2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Where does pain from the liver and gallbladder tend to refer to?

A

Right shoulder

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Where does pain from the stomach, duodenum and pancreas tend to refer to?

A

Back

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Where does pain from the kidney and ureter tend to refer to?

A

Back

Groin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What structures are supplied by the thoracoabdominal nerves?

A

Abdominal body wall

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

From which intercostal nerves do the thoracoabdominal nerves arise?

A

7 - 11

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What is the course of the thoracoabdominal nerves through the abdominal wall?

A

Between the internal oblique and transversus abdominus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

At which ramus does the subcostal nerve arise?

A

T12 anterior ramus

39
Q

Which nerves supplying the abdominal wall arise from the L1 anterior ramus?

A

Iliohypogastric nerve

Ilioinguinal nerve

40
Q

Which vessels are found in the portal triad?

A

hepatic artery

hepatic portal vein

common bile duct

(nerves and lymphatics)

41
Q

Which branches of the abominal aorta serve the abdominal organs?

A

celiac trunk - foregut

superior mesenteric artery - midgut

inferior mesenteric artery - hindgut

42
Q

What are the three branches of the celiac trunk?

A

hepatic artery

splenic artery

left gastric artery

43
Q

Which ribs protect the spleen?

A

9 - 11

44
Q

What is the blood supply to the stomach?

A

lesser curvature

right gastric artery - branch of the hepatic artery

left gastric artery

greater curvature

** **left gastro-omental artery - branch of the splenic artery

right gastro-omental artery - branch of the hepatic artery

45
Q

Why does a rise in central venous pressure transmit directly to the liver?

A

Neither the IVC nor the hepatic veins have valves

46
Q

What is the supply and drainage to a liver lobule?

A

interlobular portal triad at each corner

biliary duct

hepatic portal vein

hepatic artery

central vein in the middle

47
Q

Where is the quadrate lobe of the liver found?

A

Posterior surface

Inferior, next to gall bladder

48
Q

Where is the caudate lobe of the liver found?

A

Posterior surface

Superior to the gall bladder

49
Q

What are the two recesses around the liver?

A

Subphrenic recess

Hepatorenal recess (Morison’s pouch)

the latter is one of the lowest parts of the peritoneal cavity when a patient is supine

50
Q

What are the normal bounds of the liver?

A

ribs 7 to 11

51
Q

Which ligaments attach the liver to the diaphragm?

A

Coronary ligaments

52
Q

Which ligament is found inferior to the liver, and is a remnant of the embryological umbilical vein?

A

Ligamentum teres

(round ligament)

53
Q

Which veins supply the portal vein?

A

foregut - splenic vein

midgut - superior mesenteric vein

hindgut - inferior mesenteric vein - splenic vein

54
Q

Which artery supplies the gall bladder?

A

cystic artery

usually a branch of the right hepatic artery

55
Q

What are the parts of the gallbladder?

A

body and neck

56
Q

Which artery supplies the pancreas and duodenum?

A

Gastroduodenal which branches into the right gastro-omental and superior pancreatico-duodenal

57
Q

Into which part of the duodenum do the bile duct and pancreatic duct drain?

A

Second part

58
Q

Through which orifice do the bile duct and main pancreatic duct drain?

A

Major duodenal papilla

via the ampulla of Vater

59
Q

Which sphincters control the drainage of bile and pancreatic juices?

A

bile duct sphincter (controls flow of bile)

pancreatic duct sphincter (prevents reflux of bile into pancreatic duct)

sphincter of Oddi

60
Q

What are the parts of the pancreas?

A

Head

Uncinate process

Neck

Body

Tail

61
Q

Where does the uncinate process lie?

A

Posterior to the superior mesenteric vessels

62
Q

What is the blood supply to the pancreas?

A

splenic artery

superior pancreatico-duodenal artery

inferior pancreatico-duodenal artery

superior mesenteric artery

63
Q

Where is the duodenal cap?

A

Initial section of the 1st part of the duodenum

64
Q

What are the four parts of the duodenum?

A

superior (part intraperitoneal)

descending (retroperitoneal)

horizontal (retroperitoneal)

ascending (retroperitoneal)

65
Q

Which lymph nodes drain the kidneys, posterior abdominal wall, pelvis and lower limbs?

A

lumbar

66
Q

Where are the paracolic gutters found?

A

Between the lateral edge of the ascending and descending colon and the abdominal wall

67
Q

How is the colon identified radiologically?

A

haustra, formed by the teniae coli

(3 longitudinal bands of smooth muscle)

68
Q

What is the location of McBurney’s point?

A

1/3 of the way from ASIS to the umbilicus

69
Q

What are the branches of the superior mesenteric artery supplying the large intestine?

A

middle colic artery

right colic artery

ileocolic artery

appendicular artery

jejunal artery

ileal artery

70
Q

What are the branches of the inferior mesenteric artery?

A

left colic artery

sigmoid artery

superior rectal artery

71
Q

What is the marginal artery of Drummond?

A

arterial anastomoses between branches of the SMA and IMA

72
Q

Which artery supplies the distal end of the anal canal?

A

Internal iliac artery

73
Q

Where are the important sites of venous anastomosis between the system and portal nevous systems?

A

distal end of oesophagus - oesophageal varices (hepatic portal vein/azygous)

around the umbilicus (inferior epigastric veins > IVC)

rectum/anal canal (IVC, internal iliac)

74
Q

Which muscle

A
75
Q

At which vertebra does the sigmoid colon become the rectum?

A

anterior to S3

76
Q

At which point does the rectum become the anal canal?

A

anterior to the tip of the coccyx, just prior to passing through the levator ani muscle

77
Q

In which part of the body are the rectum, anal canal and anus found?

A

rectum - pelvis

anal canal & anus - perineum

78
Q

What is the name of the mesentary to which the sigmoid colon is attached?

A

Sigmoid mesocolon

79
Q

What is the name of the dilated distal part of the rectum?

A

Rectal ampulla

(immediately superior to levator ani)

80
Q

When does the levator ani muscle contract and relax?

A

tonically contracted most of the time

reflexively contracts further during situations of increased intra-abdominal pressure (coughing, sneezing)

relaxes to allow defecation & urination

81
Q

How is the levator ani muscle innervated?

A

Nerve to levator ani

branch of sacral plexus

82
Q

Which muscle of the levator ani is particularly important for maintain faecal continence?

A

Puborectalis muscle

It has two attachments to the pubic bone, either side of the pubic symphesis and loops around the back of the rectum at the anorectal angle.

Contraction decreases the anorectal angle, relaxation allows defecation.

83
Q

Where is the internal anal sphincter located?

How is it innervated?

A

superior 2/3rds of the anal canal

contraction stimulated by sympathetic nerves

contraction inhibited by parasympathetic nerves

contracted all the time - relaxed reflexively in response to distension of rectal ampulla

84
Q

Where is the external anal sphincter located?

How is it innervated?

A

Inferior 2/3rds of anal canal - superior part of sphincter continous with puborectalis muscle.

Contraction stimulated by pudendal nerve.

Voluntarily contracted (with puborectalis muscle) in response to rectal ampulla distension and internal sphincter relaxation.

85
Q

Which somatic nerve fibres make up the pudendal nerve?

A

S2, S3, S4

86
Q

Which line of the anal canal marks the end of the hind gut?

What is its significance?

A

Pectinate line

embryologically - endoderm vs ectoderm

visceral (superior) and parietal (inferior) have different arterial supply, venous drainage and nerve supply

87
Q

What is the lymphatic drainage of the visceral anal canal?

A

internal iliac nodes > inferior mesenteric nodes

88
Q

What is the lymphatic drainage of the parietal anal canal?

A

superficial inguinal nodes

89
Q

What is the difference in nerve supply between the visceral and parietal anal canal?

A

visceral - autonomic nerve supply

parietal - somatic nerve supply (pudendal)

90
Q

What is blood supply and drainage of the parietal anal canal?

A

Internal iliac artery

Internal iliac vein

91
Q

What is the functional difference between the blood drainage of the visceral and parietal anal canal?

A

visceral - portal system

parietal - systemic circulation

92
Q

What are rectal varices?

A

Dilation of collateral veins between portal and system venous circulations, formed in relation to portal hypertension

93
Q

What is the cause of haemorrhoids?

A

Prolapse of

internal rectal venous plexus (anal cushions)

external rectal venous plexus

94
Q

Where are the ischioanal fossae?

A

Either side of the anal canal, medial to the ischium

Filled with fat and connective tissue

Anatomy (10 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions