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Anatomy > Embryology > Flashcards

Embryology Flashcards

1
Q

What stages of development are referred to by

conceptus

embryo

foetus?

A

conceptus - fertilization - week 3

embryo - weeks 4 - 8

foetus - week 9 - birth

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2
Q

What is gametogenesis?

A

Formation of germ cells:

oogenesis - oocyte

spematogenesis - spermatozoa

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3
Q

What triggers the formation of the zygote?

A

Fertilization

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4
Q

What is cleavage?

A

Period of rapid cell division forming first the morula and then the blastocyte

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5
Q

What is gastrulation?

A

Formation of germ layers:

ectoderm

mesoderm

endoderm

Establishment of body axes

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6
Q

What is morphogenesis?

A

Formation of the body plan - embryonic folding

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7
Q

What is organogensis?

A

Primordia of all organ systems

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8
Q

What occurs in the foetal period?

A

Growth and weight gain

Tissue maturation

Overt sexual differentiation

Bone laid done

Connection in CNS

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9
Q

What are the primary processes involved in development?

A

Cell division

Apoptosis

Differentiation

Cell attachment

Induction

Cell migration

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10
Q

What are the secondary processes of development?

A

Axis formation/polarity

Folding/rotation

Increase/decrease in mass/dimension

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11
Q

How is embryonic development controlled?

A

Genetic

Epigenetic (preferential expression of maternal or paternal copy of gene)

Environemnt

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12
Q

How does the sperm digest its way into the egg?

A

Acrosomal enzymes

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13
Q

Up to which stage are blastomeres thought to be totipotent?

A

Up to 8 cell stage.

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14
Q

Which structures are formed from the ectoderm?

A

Epidermis

Nervous system

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15
Q

Which structures are formed from the mesoderm?

A

Lining of gut tube

Lining of respiratory tract

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16
Q

What structures are formed from the paraxial mesoderm?

A

Axial skeleton

Parts of dermis

Skeletal muscle

17
Q

What structures are formed from the intermediate mesoderm?

A

Urogenital systems

18
Q

What structures are formed from the lateral plate mesoderm?

A

Somatic: lining of body wall, most of dermis, parts of limbs

Visceral: mesothelial covering of organs, cardiovascular system

19
Q

What occurs during the 3rd month of development?

A

Face of foetus more human looking

Limbs lengthen

1º ossification centres in long bones and skull

External genitalia

20
Q

What happens in the 4th and 5th months?

A

Rapid increase in length

21
Q

What happens in the 6th month to birth?

A

Rapid increase in weight

22
Q

What is the critical period for the development of the neural system?

A

Embryonic period

Foetal period (especially the first half)

23
Q

What is the critical period of develoment for the heart?

A

Embryonic period (particularly the first half)

Anatomy (10 decks)

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