Renal System Flashcards
An infection of any portion of the urinary tract
Urinary Tract Infection
Commonly infected in UTI
Bladder (Cystitis)
Urethra (Urethritis)
UTI in the kidney
Pyelonephritis
Classifications of UTI
Complicated
Uncomplicated
Relapsed
Factors that make it difficult to diagnose complicated UTI
Stroke
Diabetes
Pregnancy
Abnormalities in the urinary tract
A type of UTI that doesn’t have the factors that make diagnosis difficult?
Uncomplicated
A type of UTI that persists with the original organism without completely clearing
Relapsed/Recurrent
Where are the bacterial in most UTI acquired from?
Large bowel (fecal flora)
Risk factors of UTI
Age
Immobility
Obstruction
DM
STD
Most common pathogen of UTI
E. Coli
Suprapubic pain related to bladder filling accompanied by other symptoms such as increased daytime and night-time frequency in the absence of proven urinary infection
Interstitial Cystitis
Pathogenesis of Interstitial Cystitis
Altered permeability of bladder wall
Overactive PFM
Visceromuscular reflex
Hypersensitivity and neurologic irritation
CM of IC
Urinary urgency and frequency
Nocturia
Pain
Defined as a complaint involuntary urine loss
UI
Innervation of the PFM
Pudendal nerves (S2-S4)
Normal voiding interval
at least 2 hours
Caused by activities that increase intraabdominal pressure
Stress UI
A condition in which the bladder contracts at small volumes
Urgency UI
Cause of urgency UI
Involuntary bladder
CM of UI
Constant dribbling
Nocturia
Prolapsed bladder
A group of diseases that affect the glomeruli but specifically manifest with hematuria
Glomerulonephritis
A glomerular syndrome that causes damage to kidney-filtering units
Nephrotic
A syndrome correlated with hematuria
Nephritic
First mechanism of glomerular dse
deposition of a circulating antigen/antibody complex into some portion of the glomerulus
Second mechanism of Glomerular dse
An antigen is deposited in the glomerulus with subsequent antibody interaction with the antigen
Risk factors of Glomerular dse
Diabetes
Age
Race
Obesity
Clinical manifestations of Glomerular dse
Edema
Hyperthyroidism
Proteinuria
Hematuria
Incidence of CKD
More prevalent among African American
> 65 y/o
CKD stage with kidney damage and mild loss of kidney function
Stage 2 CKD
Alteration of kidney function or structure for more greater than or equal to 3 mos
Chronic Kidney Dse
Final stage of CK
End Stage Renal Disease
GFR of Stage 2 CKD
60-80
Risk factors of CKD
DM
HTN
SLE
Urinary Tract obstruction
CKD stage with a kidney damage but has normal kidney function; Reversible
CKD stage 1
GFR for stage 1 CKD
Greater or equal to 90
CKD stage with mild to moderate loss of kidney function
CKD stage 3A
CKD stage with moderate to severe loss of kidney function
CKD stage 3B
GFR for CKD stage 4
15-29
GFR of CKD stage 3A
45-59
GFR of Stage 3B
30-44
CKD stage with severe loss of kidney function
CKD Stage 4
CKD stage with kidney failure
Stage 5
GFR for Stage 5
< 15
Urinary S/Sx of CKD
Decreased urinary output
Abnormal blood serum levels
Cardiovascular S/Sx of CKD
CAD
HTN
CHF
Pulmonary edema
Dyspnea
GI S/Sx of CKD
Bleeding
Anorexia
Nausea
Vomiting
Nervous S/Sx of CKD
Headache
Impaired cognition
Sleep disturbances
Sites of obstruction in renal calculi
Ureteropelvic junction
Ureterovesical junction
Where the ureter crosses over the iliac vessel
Integumentary S/Sx of CKD
Pruritus
Hyperpigmentation
Pallor
Bruising
Urinary stone disease or nephrolithiasis
Renal calculi
Types of kidney stones
Calcium
Struvite
Uric acid
Cystine
Incidence of Renal Calculi among males
30-60 y/o
Incidence of Renal Calculi among females
20-30 y/o
Risk factors of Renal Calculi
Overexcretion and supersaturation of calcium and oxalate
CM of Renal Calculi
Acute colicky flank pain
Severe pain
Hematuria
Nausea
