Endocrine System Flashcards
Hormones in the anterior pituitary gland
Growth Hormone
Thyroid Stimulating Hormone
Follicle Stimulating Hormone
Luteinizing Hormone
Adrenocorticotrophic Hormone
Prolactin
Hormones in the posterior pituitary gland
Antidiuretic Hormone
Oxytocine
A hormone that stimulates the testes to produce testosterone
Luteinizing Hormone
A hormone that stimulates adrenal gland to produce aldosterone, cortisol, and adrenaline
Adrenocorticotrophic Hormone
A hormone that decreases urine excretion
Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)
A hormone that stimulates contraction during childbirth (aka love hormone). It is also responsible for lactation in women
Oxytocine
Hormones found in the thyroid gland
Triiodothyronine (T3)
Thyroxine (T4)
Thyrocalcitonin
Hormones that increase or accelerate metabolic activity
Triiodothyronine (T3)
Thyroxine (T4)
A hormone that decreases blood calcium levels
Thyrocalcitonin
What is the function of parathyroid gland?
It stimulates osteoclastic activity in the bones resulting in increased blood calcium levels
What is the function of the adrenal gland’s cortex?
Produces hormones such as aldosterone and mineralocorticoids essential in the water sodium balance of the body
What is the function of the adrenal gland’s medulla?
It produces epinephrine and norepinephrine responsible in fight-or-flight responses
What are the hormones that the pancreas gland produces?
Insulin (Beta)
Glucagon (Alpha)
What is the function of Insulin?
It prevents glucose levels from rising
What is the function of Glucagon?
It prevents glucose levels from dropping
What is the exocrine function of the pancreas gland?
It produces a secretion that contains enzymes that hydrolyzes proteins, fats, and carbohydrates
Pituitary Gland disorders in the Anterior Lobe
Gigantism
Acromegaly
Dwarfism
What is the mechanism for Gigantism?
Overgrowth of long bones
What is the mechanism for Acromegaly?
Increased bone thickness and hypertrophy of soft tissues
Onset of Gigantism
It develops in children before the epiphyses of children close. It develops abruptly
Onset of Acromegaly
It develops in adults and develops slowly
S/Sx of hyperpituitarism
Coarsened facial features
Jaw protrusions
Thickened ears, nose, and tongue
Broad hands
Mechanism of dwarfism
A result of a decrease or absence in the hormonal secretion of the anterior pituitary gland
What are the causes of dwarfism?
Hypophysectomy
Postpartum Hemorrhage
Non-secreting pituitary tumors
Reversible functional disorders
It is the removal of the pituitary gland by surgery, irradiation, or chemical agent
Hypophysectomy
What are the disorders of the Pituitary Gland in the posterior lobe?
Diabetes Insipidus
Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone (SIADH)
A physiologic water imbalance in the body due to decreased ADH
Diabetes Insipidus
Clinical manifestations of Diabetes Insipidus
Polydipsia
Nocturia
Dehydration
Fatigue
Irritability
A disorder associated c excessive ADH production
SIADH
What is the cause of SIADH?
Pituitary gland damage d/t trauma or infection
S/Sx of SIADH
Wt gain s visible edema
What is the threshold to have visible edema?
> 4L of excess fluid
What is the treatment for diabetes insipidus
Fluid and electrolytes correction via diuretics, diet modulation, and oral rehydration salts
Disorders affecting the Thyroid Gland
Hyperthyroidism
Hypothyroidism
Thyroiditis
Another name for hyperthyroidism
Thyrotoxicosis
Effects of hyperthyroidism
Elevated metabolism manifested in almost every system
Most common form of hyperthyroidism
Grave’s disease
Mechanism of Grave’s disease
There is elevated levels of Thyroxine (T4)
A complication of hyperthyroidism
Thyroid Storm
S/Sx of thyroid storm
Acute episodes of high fever
Delirium
Severe Tachycardia
Dehydration
Extreme Irritability
S/Sx of Hyperthyroidism
Nervousness
Heat Intolerance
Wt loss despite increased appetite
Sweating
Diarrhea
Tremors
Mechanism of hypothyroidism
Decreased T3 levels
Two types of hypothyroidism
Type 1 - Hormone Deficient
Type 2 - Hormone Resistant
What is the cause of type 1 hypothyroidism?
A decrease in the functional mass of the thyroid
What is the cause of type 2 hypothyroidism?
It occurs as a result of inadequate stimulation of the gland due to pituitary or hypothalamic diseases
S/Sx of hypothyroidism
Cold intolerance
Depression
Constipation
Dry Skin
Inflammation of the thyroid
Thyroiditis
Classifications of thyroiditis
Acute suppurative
Subacute Granulomatous
Lymphocytic/Chronic
It is a pus forming classification of thyroiditis and its very rare
Acute suppurative
Causative agent of acute suppurative & subacute granulomatous
Streptococcus Pyogenes
Staphylococcus
Pneumococcus pneumoniae
Another name of lymphocytic thyroiditis
Hashimoto disease
Effects of hyperparathyroidism
Disrupts calcium, phosphate, and bone metabolism
A classification of hyperparathyroidism that is a form of benign cancer
Primary
Main cause of secondary parathyroidism
Single adenoma of the PTG
Main cause of secondary hyperparathyroidism
Hyperplasia secondary to malfunction of other organ
Renal failure
Secondary hyperparathyroidism is present in conditions such as:
Osteogenesis Imperfecta
Piaget’s disease
Multiple myeloma
Carcinoma
Vitamin D deficiency
Seen almost exclusively in patients who have long-standing secondary hyperparathyroidism
Tertiary
Two classifications of hypoparathyroidism
Idiopathic
Iatrogenic
Causes of iatrogenic hypoparathyroidism
Accidental removal of PTG
Infarction of PTG
S/Sx of mild hypoparathyroidism
Asymptomatic
S/Sx of hypoparathyroidism
Spasms in intercostals and diaphragm
Neuromuscular irritability
Rx for hypoparathyroidism
Increase calcium levels
It is caused by insufficient cortisol release from the adrenal gland
Addison’s disease
Prevalence of Addison’s
Slightly higher in F than M
S/Sx of Addison’s
Weight loss
Hypotensive
Anorexia
Liver glycogen deficiency
Emotional disturbances
Cause of secondary adrenal insufficiency
hypothalamic or pituitary tumors
removal of the pituitary
S/Sx of secondary adrenal insufficiency
Arthralgia
Myalgia
Tendon calcification
Occurs as a result of hyperfunction of the adrenal gland
Cushing Syndrome
Prevalence of Cushing’s
F > M (5:1)
S/Sx of Cushing’s
Hyperglycemia
Hypertension
Osteoprosis
Proximal muscle wasting
Rx for Cushing’s
Hormone balance
Radiation
Conditions that produce Cushing’s symptoms in pseudo-Cushing
Depression
Alcoholism
Eating disorders
Occurs when there is hypersecretion of aldosterone
Conn’s Syndrome
Most powerful mineralocorticoid
Aldosterone
The primary role of aldosterone
Conserve sodium
Promote potassium (K) excretion
Main cause of Conn’s Syndrome
Aldosteronoma (aldosterone-secreting tumor)
Rare cause of Conn’s Syndrome
Adrenocortical carcinoma
Prevalence of Conn’s
F>M; 30-50 y/o
S/Sx of Conn’s Syndrome
Hypernatremia
Hypervolemia
Hypokalemia
Rx for Conn’s Syndrome
Correct hypokalemia
Pathologic lesions that cause secondary hyperaldosteronism
Renal artery stenosis
Nephrotic syndrome
Cardiac syndrome
Alpha cells
Glucagon
Beta cells
Insulin
Delta cells
Somatostatin
Characteristics of a patient with Diabetes Mellitus
Hyperglycemic or hypogylcemic
Main cause of DM
Defects in the secretion of insulin
Defects in the action of insulin
Insulin-dependent DM
type 1
Non insulin-dependent DM
type 2
Pathophysio of type 1 DM
auto-immune destruction of beta cells
Risk factor for type 1 DM
Heredity
Main cause of type 2 DM
cellular resistance to insulin action
inadequate compensatory insulin secretory response
Rx for type 2 DM
diet
exercise
oral hypoglycemic agents
Onset for type 1 DM
Juvenile (< 20)
Onset for type 2 DM
Adult (> 40)
Ketosis prone DM
type 1
Type of DM that uses exogenous insulin
type 1
normal FBS
< 100 mg/dL
FBS for a diabetic person
> 125 mg/dL
FBS for a prediabetic person
100-125 mg/dL
RF for NIDDM
Cigarette smoking
Age
Sedentary lifestyle
Ethnicity
Obesity
Family Hx
Occurs when body cannot utilize glucose as it should
Prediabetes
Manifestations of Diabetic Cardiomyopathy
L ventricular diastolic filling and relaxation abnormalities
Systolic dysfunction
L ventricular hypertrophy
L HF
