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Integ > Endocrine System > Flashcards

Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

Hormones in the anterior pituitary gland

A

Growth Hormone
Thyroid Stimulating Hormone
Follicle Stimulating Hormone
Luteinizing Hormone
Adrenocorticotrophic Hormone
Prolactin

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2
Q

Hormones in the posterior pituitary gland

A

Antidiuretic Hormone
Oxytocine

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3
Q

A hormone that stimulates the testes to produce testosterone

A

Luteinizing Hormone

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4
Q

A hormone that stimulates adrenal gland to produce aldosterone, cortisol, and adrenaline

A

Adrenocorticotrophic Hormone

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5
Q

A hormone that decreases urine excretion

A

Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)

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6
Q

A hormone that stimulates contraction during childbirth (aka love hormone). It is also responsible for lactation in women

A

Oxytocine

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7
Q

Hormones found in the thyroid gland

A

Triiodothyronine (T3)
Thyroxine (T4)
Thyrocalcitonin

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8
Q

Hormones that increase or accelerate metabolic activity

A

Triiodothyronine (T3)
Thyroxine (T4)

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9
Q

A hormone that decreases blood calcium levels

A

Thyrocalcitonin

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10
Q

What is the function of parathyroid gland?

A

It stimulates osteoclastic activity in the bones resulting in increased blood calcium levels

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11
Q

What is the function of the adrenal gland’s cortex?

A

Produces hormones such as aldosterone and mineralocorticoids essential in the water sodium balance of the body

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12
Q

What is the function of the adrenal gland’s medulla?

A

It produces epinephrine and norepinephrine responsible in fight-or-flight responses

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13
Q

What are the hormones that the pancreas gland produces?

A

Insulin (Beta)
Glucagon (Alpha)

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14
Q

What is the function of Insulin?

A

It prevents glucose levels from rising

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15
Q

What is the function of Glucagon?

A

It prevents glucose levels from dropping

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16
Q

What is the exocrine function of the pancreas gland?

A

It produces a secretion that contains enzymes that hydrolyzes proteins, fats, and carbohydrates

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17
Q

Pituitary Gland disorders in the Anterior Lobe

A

Gigantism
Acromegaly
Dwarfism

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18
Q

What is the mechanism for Gigantism?

A

Overgrowth of long bones

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19
Q

What is the mechanism for Acromegaly?

A

Increased bone thickness and hypertrophy of soft tissues

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20
Q

Onset of Gigantism

A

It develops in children before the epiphyses of children close. It develops abruptly

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21
Q

Onset of Acromegaly

A

It develops in adults and develops slowly

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22
Q

S/Sx of hyperpituitarism

A

Coarsened facial features
Jaw protrusions
Thickened ears, nose, and tongue
Broad hands

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23
Q

Mechanism of dwarfism

A

A result of a decrease or absence in the hormonal secretion of the anterior pituitary gland

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24
Q

What are the causes of dwarfism?

A

Hypophysectomy
Postpartum Hemorrhage
Non-secreting pituitary tumors
Reversible functional disorders

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25
Q

It is the removal of the pituitary gland by surgery, irradiation, or chemical agent

A

Hypophysectomy

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26
Q

What are the disorders of the Pituitary Gland in the posterior lobe?

A

Diabetes Insipidus
Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone (SIADH)

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27
Q

A physiologic water imbalance in the body due to decreased ADH

A

Diabetes Insipidus

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28
Q

Clinical manifestations of Diabetes Insipidus

A

Polydipsia
Nocturia
Dehydration
Fatigue
Irritability

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29
Q

A disorder associated c excessive ADH production

A

SIADH

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30
Q

What is the cause of SIADH?

A

Pituitary gland damage d/t trauma or infection

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31
Q

S/Sx of SIADH

A

Wt gain s visible edema

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32
Q

What is the threshold to have visible edema?

A

> 4L of excess fluid

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33
Q

What is the treatment for diabetes insipidus

A

Fluid and electrolytes correction via diuretics, diet modulation, and oral rehydration salts

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34
Q

Disorders affecting the Thyroid Gland

A

Hyperthyroidism
Hypothyroidism
Thyroiditis

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35
Q

Another name for hyperthyroidism

A

Thyrotoxicosis

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36
Q

Effects of hyperthyroidism

A

Elevated metabolism manifested in almost every system

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37
Q

Most common form of hyperthyroidism

A

Grave’s disease

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38
Q

Mechanism of Grave’s disease

A

There is elevated levels of Thyroxine (T4)

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39
Q

A complication of hyperthyroidism

A

Thyroid Storm

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40
Q

S/Sx of thyroid storm

A

Acute episodes of high fever
Delirium
Severe Tachycardia
Dehydration
Extreme Irritability

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41
Q

S/Sx of Hyperthyroidism

A

Nervousness
Heat Intolerance
Wt loss despite increased appetite
Sweating
Diarrhea
Tremors

42
Q

Mechanism of hypothyroidism

A

Decreased T3 levels

43
Q

Two types of hypothyroidism

A

Type 1 - Hormone Deficient
Type 2 - Hormone Resistant

44
Q

What is the cause of type 1 hypothyroidism?

A

A decrease in the functional mass of the thyroid

45
Q

What is the cause of type 2 hypothyroidism?

A

It occurs as a result of inadequate stimulation of the gland due to pituitary or hypothalamic diseases

46
Q

S/Sx of hypothyroidism

A

Cold intolerance
Depression
Constipation
Dry Skin

47
Q

Inflammation of the thyroid

A

Thyroiditis

48
Q

Classifications of thyroiditis

A

Acute suppurative
Subacute Granulomatous
Lymphocytic/Chronic

49
Q

It is a pus forming classification of thyroiditis and its very rare

A

Acute suppurative

50
Q

Causative agent of acute suppurative & subacute granulomatous

A

Streptococcus Pyogenes
Staphylococcus
Pneumococcus pneumoniae

51
Q

Another name of lymphocytic thyroiditis

A

Hashimoto disease

52
Q

Effects of hyperparathyroidism

A

Disrupts calcium, phosphate, and bone metabolism

53
Q

A classification of hyperparathyroidism that is a form of benign cancer

A

Primary

54
Q

Main cause of secondary parathyroidism

A

Single adenoma of the PTG

55
Q

Main cause of secondary hyperparathyroidism

A

Hyperplasia secondary to malfunction of other organ
Renal failure

56
Q

Secondary hyperparathyroidism is present in conditions such as:

A

Osteogenesis Imperfecta
Piaget’s disease
Multiple myeloma
Carcinoma
Vitamin D deficiency

57
Q

Seen almost exclusively in patients who have long-standing secondary hyperparathyroidism

A

Tertiary

58
Q

Two classifications of hypoparathyroidism

A

Idiopathic
Iatrogenic

59
Q

Causes of iatrogenic hypoparathyroidism

A

Accidental removal of PTG
Infarction of PTG

60
Q

S/Sx of mild hypoparathyroidism

A

Asymptomatic

61
Q

S/Sx of hypoparathyroidism

A

Spasms in intercostals and diaphragm
Neuromuscular irritability

62
Q

Rx for hypoparathyroidism

A

Increase calcium levels

63
Q

It is caused by insufficient cortisol release from the adrenal gland

A

Addison’s disease

64
Q

Prevalence of Addison’s

A

Slightly higher in F than M

65
Q

S/Sx of Addison’s

A

Weight loss
Hypotensive
Anorexia
Liver glycogen deficiency
Emotional disturbances

66
Q

Cause of secondary adrenal insufficiency

A

hypothalamic or pituitary tumors
removal of the pituitary

67
Q

S/Sx of secondary adrenal insufficiency

A

Arthralgia
Myalgia
Tendon calcification

68
Q

Occurs as a result of hyperfunction of the adrenal gland

A

Cushing Syndrome

69
Q

Prevalence of Cushing’s

A

F > M (5:1)

70
Q

S/Sx of Cushing’s

A

Hyperglycemia
Hypertension
Osteoprosis
Proximal muscle wasting

71
Q

Rx for Cushing’s

A

Hormone balance
Radiation

72
Q

Conditions that produce Cushing’s symptoms in pseudo-Cushing

A

Depression
Alcoholism
Eating disorders

73
Q

Occurs when there is hypersecretion of aldosterone

A

Conn’s Syndrome

74
Q

Most powerful mineralocorticoid

A

Aldosterone

75
Q

The primary role of aldosterone

A

Conserve sodium
Promote potassium (K) excretion

76
Q

Main cause of Conn’s Syndrome

A

Aldosteronoma (aldosterone-secreting tumor)

77
Q

Rare cause of Conn’s Syndrome

A

Adrenocortical carcinoma

78
Q

Prevalence of Conn’s

A

F>M; 30-50 y/o

79
Q

S/Sx of Conn’s Syndrome

A

Hypernatremia
Hypervolemia
Hypokalemia

80
Q

Rx for Conn’s Syndrome

A

Correct hypokalemia

81
Q

Pathologic lesions that cause secondary hyperaldosteronism

A

Renal artery stenosis
Nephrotic syndrome
Cardiac syndrome

82
Q

Alpha cells

A

Glucagon

83
Q

Beta cells

A

Insulin

84
Q

Delta cells

A

Somatostatin

85
Q

Characteristics of a patient with Diabetes Mellitus

A

Hyperglycemic or hypogylcemic

86
Q

Main cause of DM

A

Defects in the secretion of insulin
Defects in the action of insulin

87
Q

Insulin-dependent DM

A

type 1

88
Q

Non insulin-dependent DM

A

type 2

89
Q

Pathophysio of type 1 DM

A

auto-immune destruction of beta cells

90
Q

Risk factor for type 1 DM

A

Heredity

91
Q

Main cause of type 2 DM

A

cellular resistance to insulin action
inadequate compensatory insulin secretory response

92
Q

Rx for type 2 DM

A

diet
exercise
oral hypoglycemic agents

93
Q

Onset for type 1 DM

A

Juvenile (< 20)

94
Q

Onset for type 2 DM

A

Adult (> 40)

95
Q

Ketosis prone DM

A

type 1

96
Q

Type of DM that uses exogenous insulin

A

type 1

97
Q

normal FBS

A

< 100 mg/dL

98
Q

FBS for a diabetic person

A

> 125 mg/dL

99
Q

FBS for a prediabetic person

A

100-125 mg/dL

100
Q

RF for NIDDM

A

Cigarette smoking
Age
Sedentary lifestyle
Ethnicity
Obesity
Family Hx

101
Q

Occurs when body cannot utilize glucose as it should

A

Prediabetes

102
Q

Manifestations of Diabetic Cardiomyopathy

A

L ventricular diastolic filling and relaxation abnormalities
Systolic dysfunction
L ventricular hypertrophy
L HF

Integ (10 decks)

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