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anaphy > Renal System > Flashcards

Renal System Flashcards

1
Q

Bean shaped prgan that is found underneath the ribcage

A

Kidney

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2
Q

Size of kidney

A

Tightly clenched fist

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3
Q

Number of kidney and is it possible if its complete

A

2 and yes it is possible

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4
Q

Functions of kidney

A

Regulation of extracellular mieu
Elimination of waste
Regulation of acid base
Erythropoeitin production
Control of blood pressure
Xenobiotic metabolism
Production og glucose and 125 dihydroxy vitamin d3

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5
Q

Bu product of a chemical compound called creatine

A

Creatinine

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6
Q

Helps in energy supply especially in muscle cells

A

Creatine

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7
Q

Substances foreign to the body

A

Xenobiotic

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8
Q

Source of energy

A

Glucose

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9
Q

Increaes calcium in the body and modulate skeleton

A

124 dihidroxy vitamin d3

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10
Q

Histological and functional unit of kidney

A

Nephron

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11
Q

This part of nephron filters blood

A

Glomerulus

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12
Q

First site of water reabsorption and salt

A

Proximal convoluted tubule

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13
Q

Transfers fluid from proximal tubule to distal

A

Loop of henle

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14
Q

Final site of reabsorption

A

Distal concoluted tubule

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15
Q

Process of blood filtration in the kidney which wastes are removed from the glomerular cappilaries

A

Glomerular filtration

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16
Q

Glomerular filtration occurs due to the presence of

A

Pressure gradient

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17
Q

Steps of blood flow

A

Renal-segmental-interlobar-arcuate-afferent-golemrular cappilary-efferent-peritubular-peritubular vein-arcuate-interlobar-segmental-renal

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18
Q

Basic kidney process

A

1 filtration
2 reabsorption
3 secretion
4 excretion

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19
Q

Formula for exretion

A

Filtration-reabsorption+secretion

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20
Q

How many percent of renal plsma flow is filtered into bowmans space?

A

20

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21
Q

Composition og glomerular capillary membrane

A

1capillary endothelium
2basement membrane
3layer of epithelial cells

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22
Q

Force of pressure exerted from the oresnsure of the blood vessel itself

A

Hydrostatic pressure gradient

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23
Q

Glomerular filtration occurs if

A

Glomerular hydrostatic force is hig to supress opposing forces

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24
Q

Determinants of glomerular filtration

A

1balance of hydrostatic force and colloid osmotic force
2capillary filtration coefficient

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25
Q

This opposes filtration

A

Glomerular oncotic pressure

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26
Q

Oncotic pressure is determined by

A

Concentration of unfiltered plasma proteins

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27
Q

This is the product of permeability and filtering areas of the cappilaries

A

Capillary filtration coefficeint

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28
Q

Relationship of glomerular hydrostatic pressure with GFR

A

Direct

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29
Q

Relationship of bowmans capsule pressure and glomerular oncotic pressure with gfr

A

Indirect

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30
Q

Autoregulation of GFR is result of three major factors

A

1myogenic reflex
2tubuloglomerular feedback
3angiotensin 2 mediated vasoconstriction

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31
Q

Constricts or dialtes afferent arterioles

A

Myogenic reflex

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32
Q

Constrcits dilates afferent arterioles

A

Tubuloglomerular feedback

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33
Q

Constrict efferent arterioles

A

Angiotensin 2 mediated vasocontriciton

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34
Q

These carry blood towards the glomerulus for filtration

A

Afferent arterioles

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35
Q

Carry blood away from the glomerulus and branch off into peritubular cappilaries

A

Efferent arterioles

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36
Q

In myogenic reflex what happens if there is increase in blood pressure

A

Constriction of afferent arterioles

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37
Q

In decrease of blood pressure what does myogenic reflex does to the blood vessels

A

Dilate afferent arterioles

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38
Q

Tubuloglomerular feedback is emdiated by

A

Macula densa

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39
Q

This is the specific region of the thick ascending limb of the loop of he ele

A

Macula densa

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40
Q

They act as the sensors of solute concentration and indirectly flow of tubular fluid

A

Macula densa

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41
Q

When ther eis high tubular flow rates there is

A

Increase in solute delivery

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42
Q

Increased solute delivery increase atp which

A

Constric afferent arterioles

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43
Q

Potent vasoconstrictor of the afferent arterioles

A

Adenosine

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44
Q

During reduced renal blood flow this is produced by the juxtaglomerular apparatus

A

Renin

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45
Q

Catalyzes the conversion of angiotensin to angiotensin 1

A

Renin

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46
Q

This converts angiotensin 1 to angiotensin 2

A

Angiotensin converting enzyme

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47
Q

Evokes vasoconstriction of the efferent arteriole

A

Angiotensin 2

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48
Q

Composed of highly differentiated epithelia

A

Renal tubules

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49
Q

The cells in renal tubules form what king of junctions

A

Tight junctions

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50
Q

This domain of cell membrane faces tubular lumen

A

Apical

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51
Q

This domain faces the interstitium

A

Basolateral

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52
Q

Movements of solute and fluid accross the apical and basolateral membrane

A

Cellular transport

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53
Q

Sequential movemnt of fluid and solutes through the narrow passageway between adjacent cells occurs through tight juncitons

A

Paracellular transport

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54
Q

Another term for tight juncitons

A

Occluding junctions

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55
Q

This functions to prevent the leakage of solutes and water

A

Tight juncitons

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56
Q

Allows robust paracellular transport

A

Leaky junctions

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57
Q

Tight junctions are found at

A

Distal nephron segment

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58
Q

Leaky functions are foun in

A

Proximal tubules

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59
Q

Requires metabolic energy generated by hydrolysis of atp

A

Active transport

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60
Q

Active transports are often

A

Electrogenic

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61
Q

Fully known as adenosime triphosphatase that catalyzes hydrolysis of a phosphate hond in atp to form adp

A

ATPase

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62
Q

How many sodium and potassium ar einvolved in sodium potassium pupm NaK ATPase

A

3 sodium out two potassium in

63
Q

Proton pump and creates electrochemical gradient which can be used to drive transport through pther mechanism like secondary active transport

A

H ATPase

64
Q

Shows selective permeability to calcium ions

A

CA ATPase

65
Q

Critical in signalling molecule in kidney develoment

A

Calcium

66
Q

Ca atpase are what type of gated channels?

A

Voltage gated

67
Q

Movement of solute through a membrane protein

A

Simple diffusion

68
Q

Integral membrane protein that serves as channels in the transfer of water

A

Aquaporins

69
Q

Formex potassium selctive pores

A

K channels

70
Q

Sets or resets the resting potentia in cells

A

K channels

71
Q

Membrane bound ion channel that is selctively permeable to the ions f soidum

A

Epithelial Na channels

72
Q

This regulates epithelial NA channels

A

Aldosterone, vasopressin,glucocorticoids

73
Q

Plays a role in ph regulation as chloride ions are prioritized by this channel

A

Chloride channels

74
Q

Specialized type of passive transport mediated by simple transporters

A

Facilitated diffusion

75
Q

Tubular fluid is conditioned by

A

Reabsorption and secretion

76
Q

Reponsible for reabsorbing 60 filteres nacl and water and 90 filtered bicarbonate

A

Oroximal tubule

77
Q

Proximal tubules contains this dense array of microvilli called

A

Brush borders

78
Q

This is driven by high ocotic pressure and low hydrostatic pressure

A

Bulk fluid reabsorption

79
Q

This involves leaky tight junction and ilnvoles aquaporin 1

A

Water rabsorption

80
Q

Copupled to the Na concentration gradient estbalished by NA K ATPase

A

Solute reabsorption

81
Q

Dependent of carbonic anhydrase

A

Bicarbonate rebsorption

82
Q

Steps in bicarbonate reabsorption

A

1bicarbonate is titrate dbu protons formic cabrinic acid
2 cabronic acid is metabolized converted to water and carbon dioxide
3carbon dioxide diffuses into the cell that reforms as cabronic acid
4 it dissociate into free protons and bicarbonate ions
5bicarbonate ion exits

83
Q

Bicarbonate reabsorption is saturable or insaturable

A

Saturable

84
Q

When plasma level exceed what range this results to renal bicarboante excretion

A

24 to 26

85
Q

Chloride reabsorption is initiated by what

A

Apical exchange of cellular formate

86
Q

This can diffuse passively across the apical membrane back into the cell where it dissociates a proton and is recycled

A

Formic acid

87
Q

Basolateral cl exit is mediated by

A

K cl co transporter

88
Q

Glucose reabsorption is mediated by

A

Apical na glucose cotransport with basolateral, facilitated diffusion, by glucose transporter

89
Q

When plasma levels exceed 1 to 200 as seen in untreated diabetes mellitus wha thappens

A

Glycosuria

90
Q

These are found a tthe luminal side of the tubule from the blood tha tis located int he middle third of the straight part of the proxima, tubule

A

Transport system secreting organic acids

91
Q

These are present in early and middle segments of proximal tubules

A

Organic base secretory system

92
Q

This involves transcellular process wherein amino acids pass through two membranes

A

Amino acid reabsorption

93
Q

Some proteins are taken up by the proximal tubules through what type of endocytosis

A

Absorptive

94
Q

After absorptive endocytosis what is the nex tthing happening

A

Acidified endocytic vaesicles or lysosomes degrading

95
Q

Long u shaped portion of the tubule between proximal and distal tubules

A

Loop of henle

96
Q

Loop of henle generates what

A

Countercurrent gradient

97
Q

Medullary interstitium must be what to draw out water from the loop of henle

A

Hypertonic

98
Q

Three segments of loop of henle

A

1 descending thin limb
2 descending thick limb
3 ascending thick limb

99
Q

This is highly permeable to water but not in ions

A

Descendin limb of loop of henle

100
Q

This has very low water permeability but is highly permeable to salts

A

Ascending limb

101
Q

This is the limtiing substrate for the said co transporter

A

Tubular fluid k

102
Q

K creates a concentration gradient that promotes this reabsorption through paracellular pathway

A

Reabsorption of divalent cations

103
Q

The reabsorption of nacl in the thick ascending limb is regulated by this

A

Ca sensing
G protein coupled receptor

104
Q

Kidneys ability to concentrate urine

A

Countercurrent. Ultiplication

105
Q

The loop of henly establishes what type of medullary interstitium

A

Hypertonic

106
Q

Generating an osmotic gradient that enbales water reabsorption from the tubular fluid and production of concetrated urine

A

Countercurrent multiplication

107
Q

Two countercurrent systems

A

Loop of henle and vasa recta

108
Q

This requires partial recycling of urea from collecting duct

A

Maximum medullary interstitial osmolality

109
Q

This occurs between descendin glimb tubular fluid and interstitial space

A

Osmotic equilibrium

110
Q

This is medullary peritubular cappilaries enveloping the loop

A

Vasa recta

111
Q

Short nephron segemnt interposed between macula densa and collecting duct

A

Distal convoluted tubule

112
Q

Distal convoluted tubule is subdivided to

A

1early distal
2late distal

113
Q

Reabsorbs a further 5 of sodium impermeable to water

A

Early distal convoluted tubule

114
Q

Situated in the first segment of DCT

A

Macula densa

115
Q

Reabsorbs last bit of sodium and more sensitive to changes in circulating aldosterone leves

A

Late distal convoluted tubule

116
Q

In early dct apical sodium reabsorption is mediated by

A

Thiazide sensitive NaCl cotransporter

117
Q

In late dct apical reabsoprion is mediated by

A

NCC and amiloride sensistive epithelial sodium channels

118
Q

This oercentage is reabsorbed in the dct

A

7 to 10

119
Q

Calcium reabsorption in the dct is through

A

Active transcellular mechanism

120
Q

Collect urine from the nephrons

A

Collecting duct

121
Q

Collecting duct consists of

A

1 cortical collecting ducts
2medullary collecting ducts

122
Q

2 tyles of cells found in medullary collecting ducts

A

Principal and intercalated

123
Q

Main na reabsorbing cells which is regulated by hormone aldosterone

A

Orincipal cells

124
Q

Mediate acid base secretion and performs two tyoes of transport

A

Intercalated cells

125
Q

This have an apical h pump for acid secretion and basolateral anion exchanger for hco3 reabsorption

A

Type a intercalated cells

126
Q

Apical anion exchanger and basolateral h pump

A

Tyle b intercalated cells

127
Q

Inner mcd cells are h20

A

Impermeable

128
Q

These are found on the apical membrane

A

Aquaporin 2

129
Q

These are found on the basolateral membrane

A

Aquaporin 3 and 4

130
Q

When adh or vasopressin bind to the vasopressin 2 receptor on the basolateral membrane what will happen

A

Aquaporins insert into the apica, membrane

131
Q

Inner mcd cells have

A

Apical na and k channels

132
Q

These hormones inhibit na reabsorption by reducing the activity of the apical na channel

A

Atrial natriuretic peptide and renal natriuretic peptide

133
Q

These cells secrete atrial natriuretic peptide

A

Atrial myocytes of the heart

134
Q

These secretes renal natriuretic peptide

A

Renal tubular epithelia of kidneys

135
Q

Inner mcd cells are permeable to what

A

Urea

136
Q

Urea diffuses into the interstitium making the medullari interstitium what

A

Hypertonic

137
Q

Solute and water balance is detemrined by

A

1amount of water and solute ingested
2 distributed to fluid compartments
3 ampunt excreted by skin

138
Q

Detemrines the volume behavior of cells in solution regulated by wate rbalance

A

Tonicity

139
Q

Regulated by soidum balance

A

Extracellular blood volume

140
Q

Modulator of both sodium and wate rbalnce

A

Kidney

141
Q

This cause water to move in either direction across its membrane

A

Osmoles

142
Q

Normal tonicity level

A

280

143
Q

Determinant of extracellular blood volume

A

Arterial tone
Cardiac stroke volume
Heart rate
Water and solute content of extracellular volume

144
Q

These are synthesized and secreted by granular cells int he wall of afferent arteriole

A

Renin

145
Q

Binds to prinicpal cells of collecting ducts

A

Aldosterone

146
Q

Inflmmation of bladder

A

Cystits

147
Q

Inflammation of urethra

A

Urethritis

148
Q

Infection of kidney

A

Pyelonephritis

149
Q

This manifest as proteinuria,hypoalbuminemia,hyoerlipidemia,edema

A

Nephrotic syndrom

150
Q

Exces protein in urine

A

Proteinuria

151
Q

Deficit of albumin in blood

A

Hypoalbuminemia

152
Q

High levels of fat in the blood

A

Hyperlipidemia

153
Q

Swelling caused by trapped liquids

A

Edema

anaphy (8 decks)

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