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Anaphy > Nervous System > Flashcards

Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

Basic unit of the nervous system

A

Neuron

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2
Q

What di you call the cell body of neuron

A

Soma

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3
Q

What are the two types of nerve fibers that propagate impulses

A

Axon and dendrites

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4
Q

These are spaces between neurons

A

Synapses

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5
Q

Neurotransmitters are created by?

A

Axon

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6
Q

This detects neurotransmitters

A

Receptors

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7
Q

This interprets the chemical signal then stimulate the axon to create an electrical signal resulting in cell inhibition or excitation

A

Dendrites

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8
Q

Brain and spinal cord has this kind of cells

A

Support or glial cells

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9
Q

This provides nutrients and controls chemicals in surrounding fluids to regulate neurotransmitters influencing propagation of impulses

A

Astrocytes

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10
Q

Cells that form a coating around nerve cell axons and create myelin

A

Oligodendrocytes

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11
Q

Fatty insulation of the axons that facilitates the conduction of impulses along nerve fibers

A

Myelin

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12
Q

Found in open areas in the brain an dspinal cord, they create cerebrospinal fluid that surrounds nerve cells

A

Ependymal cells

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13
Q

Cells that are present throughout the adult brain that produce new astrocytes and oligodendrocytes to replace those destroyed by injuries or disorders

A

Glial progenitor cells

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14
Q

Cells that assist in removal of dead cells and protection of the brain

A

Microglia

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15
Q

Peripheral nerves also have glial cells called?

A

Schwann cells

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16
Q

This is similar to oligodendrocytes and creates myeling to protect cells in peripheral nerves

A

Schwann cells

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17
Q

This is composed o nerves cell bodies dendrites and axons glial cells and capillaries

A

Gray matter

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18
Q

This is composed of some neurons but consists mostly axons wrapped in myelin and the oligodendrocytes that make the myelin

A

White matter

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19
Q

What makes the white matter color white?

A

Myelin

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20
Q

Brain and spinal cord doest hardly or easily produces new nerve cells?

A

Hardly

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21
Q

Only part of the brain that has the ability to produce new nerve cells

A

Hippocampus

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22
Q

These are commonly observed with alzheimers

A

Nerve cell degeneration

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23
Q

Observed from people with multiple sclerosis

A

Loss or damage to oligodendrocytes

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24
Q

Observed from people with meningitis

A

Local and systemic infections

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25
Q

Happens when people have stroke

A

Compromise in the blood supply

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26
Q

Happens during trumatic injury

A

Displacement or damage to nerves

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27
Q

Organ of the nervous tissue that is responsible for
Functional response, sensation, movement, communication, emotions, memory, processing of stimuli

A

Brain

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28
Q

Brain is protected by these 4 things

A

Skull
Meninges
Cerebrospinal fluid
Blood brain barrier

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29
Q

Three main parts of brain

A

Cerebrum
Brainstem
Cerebellum

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30
Q

This is the seat of facilitation of movement

A

Cerebrum

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31
Q

This connects the cerebrum with the spinal cord, controls level of consciousness, and regulates critical body functions

A

Brainstem

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32
Q

Lies posterior to the cerebrum and superior to the brainstem whic coordinates bodily movement attention language and emotion

A

Cerebellum

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33
Q

Processes stimuli from all over the body

A

Brain

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34
Q

Examples of sensory organs

A

Eyes nose ears and tongue

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35
Q

This is one of the imprtant functions of brain

A

Circadian rhythm

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36
Q

The daily 24 hour rhythms of the cells tissues and all organs of the body

A

Circadian rhythm

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37
Q

Circadian rhythm are a result of the different organ system being synchronized by what?

A

Suprachiasmatic nucleus

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38
Q

Tube shaped nervous tissues protected by the spinal column

A

Spinal cord

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39
Q

How many pairs of spinal nerves are there

A

31

40
Q

Spinal nerves that are posterior function on what

A

Sensory

41
Q

These nerves emerge from the spinal cord through bony orifices in the soinal column

A

Motor roots

42
Q

Nerves 1-8 sre called

A

Cervical nerves

43
Q

Nerves 9-20 is called

A

Thoracic nerves

44
Q

20-25 nerves are called

A

Lumbar nerves

45
Q

25-31 nerves are called

A

Sacral nerves

46
Q

This facilitates movement and detection of sensory stimuli throughout the body

A

Peripheral nerves

47
Q

Adult brain is stable in the sense that physiologic brain functions what?

A

Mature

48
Q

By a certain age brain size decreases to ehat percent anually

A

1

49
Q

Tests to determine changes in brain funciton

A

Reaction time
Functional performance test

50
Q

Ohysiologic factors contributing to change brain funciton

A

Changes in neurotransmitter
Changes in nerve cells
Accumulation of toxic substances
Changes brought by genetic factors

51
Q

Blood flow to the brain may decrease up to what percent as we age?

A

20

52
Q

Changes in brain fucntion that are observes at different times within the lfiespan

A

Well population

53
Q

Short term memory ability to learn new material

A

Early in life

54
Q

This is the time when we develop verbal abilities

A

Later innlife

55
Q

Life when we develop our ability to process information doest not change unless there ar eunderlying neurologic or vascular conditions

A

Throughout lifespan

56
Q

Stereotypical changes with older population in brain function

A

Stroke
Depression
Degenerative brian disorders
Hypothyroidism

57
Q

These are memory that seems to be more vulnerable to be loss compared to long term memory

A

Short term memory

58
Q

Ways our brain compensates for nerve cells and memory loss

A

Redundancy
Formaiton of new connection
Production of new cells in select brain areas

59
Q

There ar emore cells in the brain that what is needed for normal function

A

Redundancy

60
Q

With correct stimulation new nerve connections can be made

A

Formation of new connections

61
Q

This has been demonstrated to positively affect memory retention and reasoning thoruhgout lifespan

A

Mental exercises

62
Q

Demonstrated to slow the loss of nerve cells important for memory

A

Physical exercise

63
Q

Daily intake of 2 of thi has benn demonstrated to speed brain decline

A

Alcohol

64
Q

As we age these may occur in peripherla nerves

A

Less efficient release of neurotransmitter
Myelin sheath degenerates

65
Q

Peripheral nerves that tend to recover slower

A

Distal segment

66
Q

Social and solar clock

A

External clock

67
Q

Cricadian rhythms incouding the daily sleep activity cycle

A

Internal clock

68
Q

This is the central clock or the pacemaker of all human biological rhythms

A

Suprachiasmatic nucleus

69
Q

Value of sleep

A

Conserve energy
Physical development
Clean of brain waste
Modulation of immune responses
Maintenance of cognition
Disease prevention
Maintenance of psychological states

70
Q

Sleep is a daily two sleep episode pattern

A

Biphasic sleep

71
Q

Long sleep episode at the end of the day

A

Main sleep

72
Q

Short sleep episode taken at other times of the day

A

Nap

73
Q

This includes the feeling of rested or refreshes uninterrupted opportunities of sleep

A

Self perception

74
Q

This includes sufficient length of sleep

A

Sleep duration

75
Q

This is the correct timing of the sleep episode

A

Sleep timing

76
Q

This is a type of body clock wherein in oeople tend to sleep so late

A

Diurnal body clock

77
Q

Type of body clock where people ar eawake at night and sleep during the day

A

Nocturnal body clock

78
Q

When solar social an dbody clock agree the physiological state is called?

A

Entrainment

79
Q

Incongruence or lack of synchrony between body clock is called

A

Social jetlag

80
Q

Refers to behavior and lifestyle choices tha tpositively affect our capcity to have a tood sleep

A

Sleep hygiene

81
Q

Nerves connecting the brain and spinal cord with voluntary muscle and somatosensory receptors throughout the body

A

Somatic nervous system

82
Q

Nerves connecting the brain and spinal cord with internal organs and structures with involuntary oricesses

A

Autonomic nervous system

83
Q

Maintains bodily function in typical bodily situations

A

Parasympathetic division

84
Q

Prepares the body fro stressed states or emergencies

A

Sympathetics divison

85
Q

12 pairs of nerves on the head that connect directly with the brain snd brainstem

A

Cranial nerves

86
Q

31 pairs of nerves that connect more rmeote or distal parts of the body to the CNS

A

Spinal nerves

87
Q

Cornea and lens collect light sitmuli that is transformed in the retina into electrical responses

A

Eye

88
Q

This organ contians hair cells in the cochclea transduce fluctuation of ai rpressure

A

Ear

89
Q

This organ in the ear mediate balance

A

Vestibular organs

90
Q

This oart of the nose utilizes chemoreception of airborne chemicals

A

Cilla

91
Q

This stimulates chemoreception which involves facilitation of appreciation of taste

A

Taste buds

92
Q

Contains various sensory receptors that allows for the discirmnation of touch

A

Skin

93
Q

Three funcitons of nervous system

A

Integrative
Sensory
Motor

94
Q

Neurons that carry impulses from sensory stimuli to the central nervous sytem

A

Afferent nerve

95
Q

Neurons that carry impulses fromt he cns to muscles

A

Efferent nerves

Anaphy (8 decks)

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