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Anaphy > Gastrointestinal System > Flashcards

Gastrointestinal System Flashcards

1
Q

Acquires nutrients form environment

A

Digestive system

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2
Q

Functions of digestive system

A

Acquire nutrients
Anabolism
Catabolism

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3
Q

Uses raw materials to synthesize essential compounds

A

Anabolism

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4
Q

Decomposes substances to provide energy cells need to function

A

Catabolism

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5
Q

Digestive processes

A

Ingestion
Movement of food
Digestion
Abdorption
Defecation

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6
Q

2 types of digestion

A

Mechanical and chemical

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7
Q

Digestive organ divide into 2 main groups

A

GI tract
Accessory structures

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8
Q

What are the accessory structures

A

Cheeks
Teeth
Tongue
Salivary glands
Liver
Gallbladder
Pancreas

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9
Q

Extensive network of the submucosal and myenteric plexuses within the walks of the digestive tract

A

Enteric nervous system

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10
Q

Three types of enteric neurons

A

Enteric sensory
Enteric motor
Enteric interneuron

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11
Q

Detect chnages in the chemical composition of digestive tract contents or detect mechanical changes such as stretch of the digestive tract wall

A

Enteric sensory neurons

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12
Q

Stimulate or inhibit smooth muscle contraction and glandular secretion in the digestive system

A

Enteric motor neurons

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13
Q

Connects enteric and motor neurons

A

Enteric interneurons

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14
Q

Functions of oral cavity

A

Ingestion
Taste
Mastication
Digestion
Swallowing
Communication
Protection

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15
Q

Functions of pharynx

A

Swallowing
Breathing
Protection

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16
Q

Functions of esophagus

A

Propulsion
Protection

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17
Q

Stomach

A

Storage
Digestion
Absorption
Mixing and propulsion
Protection

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18
Q

Functions of small intestine

A

Neutralization
Digestion
Absorption
Mixing an dpropulsion
Excretion
Protection

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19
Q

Functions of large intestine

A

Absorption
Storage
Mixing and propulsion
Protection

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20
Q

3 pairs of salivary glands

A

Parotid
Submandibular
Sublingual

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21
Q

Composition of saliva

A

99.5 water 0.5 solutes

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22
Q

Digests carbohydrates

A

Salivary amylase

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23
Q

Watery saliva, amylase

A

Parotid

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24
Q

Thicker mucous, amylase

A

Submandibular

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25
Q

Mostly mucous , a little amylase

A

Sublingual

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26
Q

Functions of saliva

A

Dissolves food for taste and digestion
Mucous moistens and lubricates foods
Mucous lubricates oral surfaces
Cl ions activate amylase
Hco3 and po4 ions buffer bacterial acids
Iga lysozymes protect against microorganism

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27
Q

These ion activates amylase

A

Cl

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28
Q

These ions buffer bacterial acids

A

Hco3 and po4

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29
Q

These protects against microorganism

A

Iga lysozymes

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30
Q

Amount of slaiva secreted a day

A

1-1.5 l

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31
Q

Secretion of saliva under nervours control that secretes normal salivary amount

A

Parasympathetic

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32
Q

Secretion of saliva where there is a reduced flow (dry mouth)

A

Sympathetic

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33
Q

This stimulates salivation

A

Food

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34
Q

This involves chewing, food mixed in saliva, and shaped into a bolus

A

Mechanical digestion

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35
Q

This process involves salivary amylase breaks down and converts polysaccharides to disaccharides and monosaccharides

A

Chemical digestion

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36
Q

Three phases of swallowing

A

Buccal ohase
Pharyngeal
Esophageal

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37
Q

This phase is voluntary and moves bolus to oropharynx

A

Buccal phase

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38
Q

This phase is involuntary and receptors in oropharynx stimulate medulla and pons to move bolus through pharynx into esophagus

A

Pharyngeal

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39
Q

This phase includes the closing of upper esophageal sphincter and bolus moves from esophagus to stomach

A

Esophageal phase

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40
Q

Involuntary rhytmic contraction of muscularis
Contorlled by medullary centers
Process where muscles contracts behind bolus to oush it forward and outer ongitudinal muscle contracts to pull esophagus wall up

A

Peristalsis

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41
Q

Physiology of esophagus

A

Upper esophageal sphincter
Peristalsi
Lower esophageal sphincter

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42
Q

In esophagus there is a sharo transition of what

A

Nonkeratinized stratified squamous to simple columnar epithelium

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43
Q

Esophageal epithelium is resistant to abrasion but not with

A

Acid and proteolytic enzyme attack

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44
Q

Backa nd forth between body and pylorus

A

Peristaltic movement

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45
Q

There are 3 muscle layers in stomach

A

Longitudinal
Circular
Oblique

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46
Q

In stomach we can find this here

A

Chyme

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47
Q

What is the purpose of intrinsic factor secreted by parietal cells

A

Bitamin b12 absorption

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48
Q

Hcl functions by

A

Killing microbes
Acid hydrolysis
Stimulates secretion of hormones for bile

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49
Q

Two products of parietal cells

A

Intrinsic factors and hcl

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50
Q

These secretes pepsinogen

A

Chief cells

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51
Q

Pepsinogen is an

A

Inactive precursor

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52
Q

Hcl turn pepsinogen to what

A

Pepsin

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53
Q

Functions of pepsin

A

Cleaves protein into smaller peptides

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54
Q

In mucosa this secretes pepsinogen rennin and gastric lipase

A

Gastric gland chief cells

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55
Q

Curdles milk to increase time for gastric processing

A

Rennin

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56
Q

Split short chain triglycerides common in milk works best at ph 5-6

A

Gastric lipase

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57
Q

Columnar eptiheliums in stomach mucosa has

A

Goblet cells and gastric pits

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58
Q

Secrets intrinsic favtor and hcl

A

Gastric gland parietal cell

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59
Q

Goblet and gastric pit mucous cells secretes what?

A

Mucin

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60
Q

This prevent self digestion of stomach

A

1-3 mm mucus layer

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61
Q

This secretes gastrin, histmaine, serotonin, somatostatin

A

Gastric gland g cells

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62
Q

Impermeable to diffusion of mos tmolecules into the bloodstresm

A

Absorption

63
Q

Serves as a physical barrier between lumen and epithelium

A

Mucus

64
Q

Buffers gastric acid to prevent damage to epithelium

A

Bicarbonate

65
Q

Activates pepsin kilos bacteris

A

Gastric acid

66
Q

Complexes with vitamin b12 to permit absorption

A

Intrinsic factor

67
Q

Stimulates gastric acid secretion

A

Histamine

68
Q

Digest proteins

A

Pepsin

69
Q

Digest fats

A

Gastric lipase

70
Q

Inhibits gastric acid secretion

A

Somatostatin

71
Q

Stimulates gastric acid secretion

A

Gastrin

72
Q

3 phases of stomach regulation of secretion and motility

A

Cephalic
Gastric
Intestinal

73
Q

This increases gastric secretion and minor increase in gastric motility

A

Gastrin

74
Q

Decreases gastric secretion stimulates oancreatic and bile secretion and decreases in gastric motility

A

Secretin

75
Q

Slightly decreases gastric secretions and strongly decreases gastric motility

A

Cholecystokinin

76
Q

Food normally passe through stomach in how many hours

A

Four

77
Q

These reflexes regulate gastric emptying

A

Hormonal/neuronal reflexes

78
Q

Large meals increase stomach digestion which?

A

Increases rate of emptying

79
Q

These inhibits stomach emptying

A

Enterogastric reflex
Enterogastrones
Fat in duodenum

80
Q

Lies posterior to stomach
Bound to posterior walk
Wrapped in think connective tissue capsule

A

Pancreas

81
Q

Fucntions of pancreas

A

Secretes insulin and glucagon and secretes pancreatic juice

82
Q

Which cells secrete pancreatic juice

A

Acinar and epithelial

83
Q

Which secretes insulin and glucagon

A

Pancreatic islets

84
Q

How many pancreatic juices are created

A

1.2-1.5l

85
Q

Pancreatic juice consists of

A

Water
Salts
Bicarbonate
Enzymes

86
Q

Ph of pancreatic juice

A

Ph 7.1-8.2

87
Q

Breaks down starches

A

Pancreatic amylase

88
Q

When activated it breaks down proteins

A

Trypsinogen
Chymotryosinogen
Procarboxypeptidase

89
Q

Breaksdown complex lipids

A

Pancreatic lipase

90
Q

Breaksdown nucleic acid

A

Ribonuclease and deoxyribonuclease

91
Q

Stimulates secretion of water HCO3

A

Secretin

92
Q

Stimulates secretion of enzymes

A

CCK

93
Q

Functions of liver

A

Metabolic regulation
Hematological regulation
Nile production

94
Q

Liver regulates

A

Composition of circulating blood
Nutrient metabolism
Waste product removal
Vitamin storage
Nutrient storage
Drug inactivation

95
Q

All blood leaving absortive surfaces goes here

A

Hepatitic portal system
Flows into the liver

96
Q

Liver cells extracts blank from blood

A

Nutrients and toxins

97
Q

Liver does not remove and does not store excess nutrients true or false

A

False

98
Q

Largest blood reservoir in the body

A

Liver

99
Q

Liver receives how many oercent of cardiac output

A

25

100
Q

Functions of hematological regulation

A

Phagocytosis
Synthesis of plasma proteins
Removal of hormones
Removal of snitnodies
Removal of toxins
Synthesis and secretion of biles

101
Q

These are patrolled by monocyte derived stellate reticuloendothelial

A

Sinusoids

102
Q

Receives process and store nutrients from meals
Process heme and cholesterol breakdown products to make bile component

A

Hepatocytes

103
Q

How much bile is produced everyday

A

800-1000 ml

104
Q

Ph level of bile

A

7.6-8.6

105
Q

Why does bile considered part digestive secretion

A

Bile salts help emulsification of ingested fats

106
Q

Why does bile considered in part excretory product

A

Biliburin are waste from lipid catabolism

107
Q

Physiology of the liver (processes)

A

Carbohydrate, lipid, and protein metabolism

108
Q

Function of carbohydrate metabolism

A

Regulates blood glucose level

109
Q

Three types of carb metabolism

A

Glycogenesis
Glycogenolysis
Gluconeogenesis

110
Q

This stores metabolizes some tricglycerides ans synthesizes new cholesterol

A

Lipid metabolism

111
Q

This deaminates AA by removing amino groups

A

Protein metabolism

112
Q

How does protein metabolism detoxifies ammonia

A

Synthesizing urea

113
Q

Pathologies of lvier

A

Hepatitis
Cirrhosis
Cancer

114
Q

Pear shaped sac

A

Gall bladder

115
Q

This stores and concentrates bile between meals

A

Gall bladder

116
Q

Primary action of small intestine when food is present

A

Segmentation

117
Q

Alternate contraction relaxation of antagonistic smooth muscle segments in the intestines

A

Segmentation

118
Q

Movement which propels chyme forward

A

Peristalsis

119
Q

This only occur only after most nutrients have been absorbed

A

Peristalsis

120
Q

Intestinal secretions per day

A

1-2 liters a day

121
Q

This is stimulated by distension and acidic chyme

A

Regulation of intestinal secretion and motility

122
Q

This stimulates oroduction of intestinal secretions

A

Vip

123
Q

Basal motility is controlled by autorhytmic lacemakers

A

Basal motility

124
Q

Completes digestion of protein and carbohydrate molecules

A

Brush border enzymes

125
Q

Converts trypsinogen to trypsin

A

Enteropeptidase

126
Q

Activates other zymogens

A

Trypsins

127
Q

Function of bile pancreatic secretions and intestinal secretion

A

Complete digestions

128
Q

About 90 percent of all absorption takes place here

A

Small intestines

129
Q

Nutrients are transported in the blood to the liver via

A

Hepatitic portal circulation

130
Q

Total volume added to the small intestine per day

A

9.3l

131
Q

Small intestine absorbs how many liters through osmosis

A

8.3l

132
Q

How many water passes to large intestine and how many are absorbed

A

1 and 0.9

133
Q

Completion of absorption of h20

A

Large intestine

134
Q

Normal flowa manufactures certain vitamins like blank in large intestine

A

B complex and k

135
Q

Size of large intestine

A

1.5 m 6.5 cm

136
Q

4 general areas of large intestine

A

Cecum
Colon
Rectum
Anal canal

137
Q

Chyme passage is regulated by?

A

Ileocecal sphincter

138
Q

Haustra relaxed distended until full then contract contents into next haustrum

A

Haustral churning

139
Q

Strong peristaltic waves from middle of transverse colon

A

Mass peristalsis

140
Q

Water inorganic salts undigested parts of food

A

Feces

141
Q

Pushes fecal matter into rectum

A

Mass peristalsis

142
Q

Stimulates contraction of rectum

A

Parasympathetic stimulated by stretch receptors

143
Q

Feces expelles

A

Conscious stimulation

144
Q

Involvement of the stomach and the intestines in an inflammatory process

A

Acute gastroenteritis

145
Q

Inflammation of gastric mucosa stimulates vomiting whereas diarrhea results when the inflammation of the inextines causes increase motility impaired absorption and in some cases increase secretion

A

Accute gastroenteritis

146
Q

A harmless microbe that is normally resident in the intestine

A

E coli

147
Q

Helps in identifying the causative organism in persistent cases

A

Stool culture

148
Q

Public health jnterventions for gastroenteritis

A

Hadnwashing
Safe food and water
Environmental sanitation
Patient community educaiton

149
Q

Gastric mucosa is inflammed and appears red and edematous

A

Gastritis

150
Q

Symptons are anorexia nausea or vomiting epigastric pain cramps or general discomfort

A

Gastritis

151
Q

Involves the periodic flow of gastric contents into the esophagus

A

Gerd or heartburn

152
Q

Medications for gerd

A

Anti histamine omeprazole

153
Q

Prevention of gerd

A

Eliminating factors
Avoidance of spicy foods
Patient education

Anaphy (8 decks)

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