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anaphy > Endocrine System > Flashcards

Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

Second great control system of the body

A

Endocrine system

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2
Q

Endocrine system interacts with ** to coordinate and integrate the activity of body cells

A

Nervous system

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3
Q

These are done via electrochemical impulses which can take up to milliseconds

A

Nervous system

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4
Q

These are via hormone responses that occur after a lag period of seconds more prolonged effect

A

Endocrine system

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5
Q

Functions of endocrine system

A

Water balance
Uterine contractions
Growth metabolism and tissue maturation
Ion regulation
Heart rate blood pressure regulation
Blood glucose regulation
Immune system regulation
Reproductive functions control

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6
Q

Glands with ducts and produces non hormonal substances

A

Exocrine gland

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7
Q

Ductless glands which produces hormones through vascular and lymphatic drainage

A

Endocrine glands

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8
Q

This is a neuroendocrine organ

A

Hypothalamus

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9
Q

Organs with endocrine and exocrine organ

A

Pancreas and ovaries/testes

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10
Q

Types of local chemical messengers

A

Autocrines and paracrines

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11
Q

Exerts effect on the same cells that secrete them

A

Autocrines

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12
Q

Acts on surrounding cells

A

Paracrines

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13
Q

Secreted into blood by specialized cells travels some distance to target tissues influences specific activities

A

Hormones

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14
Q

Produced by neurons and functions like hormones

A

Neurohormones

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15
Q

Produced by neurons and secreted into extracellular spaces by presynaptic nerve terminals

A

Neurotransmitter

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16
Q

Secreted into the environment modifies physiology and behavior of other individuals

A

Pheromone

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17
Q

Receptor sites on the outer surface of the cell membrane

A

Membrane bound receptors

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18
Q

Membrane bound receptors interact with what

A

Large and water soluble molecules

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19
Q

Responses of membrane bound receptors

A

Directly alter membrane permeability
Directly alter the activity of enzymes
Activation of g proteins

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20
Q

Gdp is bound to what unit?

A

Alpha unit

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21
Q

Located in the cytoplasm or nucleus of the cell

A

Intracellular receptors

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22
Q

Intracellular receptors reacts to what

A

Small and lipid intercellular signals

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23
Q

Secreted by cells into the extracellular fluids and regulate metabolic function of other cells in the body

A

Hormones

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24
Q

Actions of hormones

A

Alters plasma membrane permeability
Stimulates synthesis of proteins or regulatory molecules sich as enzymes
Activates or deactivates enzymes
Induces secretory activity
Stimulates mitosis

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25
Q

These hormones with these chemical structures typically bind to membrane bound receptors with exception of thyroid hormone

A

Proteins peptides and amino acid derivatives

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26
Q

Most hormones of the anterior pituitary glands

A

Proteins

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27
Q

Hormones of the posterior pituitary gland

A

Peptide hormones

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28
Q

Amino acids that have been chemically modified

A

Amino acid derivatives

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29
Q

These are lipid soluble hormones

A

Lipid hormones

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30
Q

Types of lipid hormones

A

Steroid and eicosanoids from arachidonic acid

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31
Q

These are derived from cholesterol hormones produced by the adrenal cortex and gonads

A

Steroid hormones

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32
Q

These diffuses across the cell membrane an bind to intracellular receptor molecules

A

Lipid hormones

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33
Q

Bound to membrane bound receptors that are associated with g proteins example of these are prostaglandin prostacyclins and leukotrienes

A

Eicosanoids

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34
Q

Situation when one hormone cannot exert its full effects without another hormone being present

A

Permisiveness

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35
Q

Occurs when more than one hormone produces the same effects at the target cell and their combined effects are amplified

A

Synergism

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36
Q

One Hormone opposes the action of another hormone

A

Antagonism

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37
Q

After a stimulus causes release of the hormone products resulting from the action of the hromone tend to suppress its further release

A

Negative feedback mechanism

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38
Q

Occurs when biological action of the hormone causes additional secretion of the hormone

A

Positive feedback mechanism

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39
Q

Hormone clearance 4

A

Metabolic destruction by the tissues
Binding with tissues
Excretion by the liver into the bile
Excretion by the kidneys into the urine

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40
Q

Direct response to changing blood levels

A

Humoral

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41
Q

Stimulated by nerve fibers

A

Neural

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42
Q

These are stimulus in response to hormone produced by other endocrine organs

A

Hormonal

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43
Q

Regulates the NS and endocrine system activities by different mechanisms

A

Hypothalamus

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44
Q

3 different mechanisms by hypothalamus

A

Secreting regulatory hormones
Acts as an endocrine organ
Contains autonomic centers that have a direct neural control over the endocrine cells of the suprarenal medulla

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45
Q

2 types of regulating hormones

A

Releasing and inhibiting

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46
Q

Stimulate production of one or more hormones

A

Releasing hormones

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47
Q

Prevent the synthesis and secretion of specific pituitary hormones

A

Inhibiting hormones

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48
Q

Hormones of hypothalamus

A

Growth hormone releasing and inhibiting
Thyroid releasing hormone
Corticotropin releasing hormone
Gonadotropin releasing hromone
Prolactin inhibiting and releasing hormone

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49
Q

Decreased growth hormone secretion

A

Growth hormone inhibiting hormone

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50
Q

Increases thyroid stimulating hormone secretion

A

Thyroid releasing

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51
Q

Increased growth hormone secretion

A

Growth hormone releasing hromone

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52
Q

Increases adrenocorticotropic hormone secretion

A

Corticotropin releasing hormone

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53
Q

Increased secretion of luteinizing hormone and follicle stimulating hormone

A

Gonadotropin releasing hromone

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54
Q

Decreases prolactin secretion

A

Prolactin inhibiting hromone

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55
Q

Increases prolactin secretion

A

Prolactin releasing hormone

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56
Q

Pea on a stalk

A

Pituitary gland

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57
Q

2 lobes of pituitary gland

A

Anterior and posterior

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58
Q

Another term for anterior lobe

A

Adenophypophysis

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59
Q

Another term for posterior lobe

A

Neurohypophysis

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60
Q

Extension of hypothalamus

A

Posterior pituitary

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61
Q

Produces 9 major hormones that regulate body functions and regulate secretion of other endocrine glands

A

Anterior pituitary

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62
Q

Posterior pituitary secrete what type of hormone

A

Neurohormones

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63
Q

Three areas of anterior pituitary

A

Pars distalis
Pars intermedia
Pars tuberalis

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64
Q

Posterior lobe is connected to the hypothalamus through?

A

Hypothalamic-hypophyseal tract

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65
Q

This releases oxytocin

A

Paraventricular neurons

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66
Q

This releases adh

A

Supraoptic neurons

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67
Q

Vascular connection with the hypothalamus

A

Hypophyseal portal system

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68
Q

This is where releasing and inhibitory hormones are secreted

A

Anterior lobe

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69
Q

Hormones of posteriori pituitary

A

Adh and oxytocin

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70
Q

This hormone increases water reabsorption

A

Anti diuretic hormone

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71
Q

Increases uterine contractions increases milk expulsion from mammary glands

A

Oxytocin

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72
Q

Hormones of anterior pituitary

A

Somatotropin
Thyroid stimulating hormone
Lipotropins
B endorphins
Melanocyte stimulating hormone
Luteinizing hormone
Follicle stimulating hormone
Prolactin

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73
Q

Increases growth in tissues

A

Growth hormone

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74
Q

Increases thyroid stimulating hormone secretion

A

Thyroid stimulating hormone

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75
Q

Increases glucocorticoid hormone secretion

A

Adrenocorticotropic hormone

76
Q

Increases fat breakdown

A

Lipotropins

77
Q

Analgesia in the brain

A

B endorphins

78
Q

Increased melanin production in melanocytes

A

Melanocyte stimulating hormone

79
Q

Ovulation and progesterone production in ovaries testosterone synthesis and support for sperm cell production

A

Luteinizing hormone

80
Q

Follicle maturation and estrogen secretion in ovaries

A

Follicle stimulating hormone

81
Q

Milk production in lactating women

A

Prolactin

82
Q

These are also called vasopressin

A

Antidiuretic hormone

83
Q

Specialized neurons of hypothalamus monitor changes in intercellular osmolality

A

Osmoreceptors

84
Q

Specialized neurons found in walls of atria of heart large veins carotid arteries senses changes in blood pressure

A

Baroreceptors

85
Q

Specialized neurons found in walls of atria of heart large veins carotid arteries senses changes in blood pressure

A

Baroreceptors

86
Q

Prohormone from the anterior pituitary s
Source of acth enkephalin beta endorphin lipotropin
Source of melanocyte stimulating hormone

A

Propiomelanocortin

87
Q

These are all derived from the same large precursor molecule when stimulated by CRH

A

Acth Msh endorphins lipotropins

88
Q

CRH from hypothalamus causes release of what hormone?

A

ACTH

89
Q

This hormone causes cortisol secretion which addresses stress
Causes aldosterone secretion
Binds directly to melanocytes of the skin causes increase in the production of melanin

A

ACTH

90
Q

Functions of growth hormone

A

Stimulates uptake of amino acids
Stimulates breakdown of fats
Promotes bone and cartilage
Regulates blood levels of nutrients
Stimulate glucose synthesis by liver

91
Q

Trh from hypothalamus causes the release of what hormone?

A

TSH

92
Q

TSH causes the secretion of what hormones?

A

T3 and T4

93
Q

T3 and T4 inhibit what?

A

TRH and TSH

94
Q

Glycoproteins hormones tha tpromote growth and function of gonads

A

Gonadotropins

95
Q

Both hormones regulate production of gametes and reproductive hormones

A

LH and FSH

96
Q

This hormone from hypothalamus stimulates LH and FSH

A

GnRH

97
Q

Has a role in milk production

A

Prolactin

98
Q

This gland is highly vascular and it is the only gland that stores hormone

A

Thyroid gland

99
Q

Iodine enters follicular cells through

A

Active transport

100
Q

Follicular cells surrounding thyroglobulin thyroid hormones

A

Follicles

101
Q

Between follicles

A

Parafollicular cells

102
Q

Follicular cells secretes what?

A

Thyroglobulin

103
Q

Necessary for production of T3 and T4

A

Iodine and tyrosine

104
Q

Parafollicular cells secretes what? Which reduces ca2 in body fluids

A

Calcitonin

105
Q

Only these two can enter cells

A

Free thyroxine and t3

106
Q

This serves as a reservoir of thyroxine and t3

A

Bound-thyroxine

107
Q

How many percent of t4 converted to t3

A

33-40%

108
Q

More potent

A

T3

109
Q

They bind to these molecules and initiate new protein synthesis

A

Intracellular receptor

110
Q

Normal growth of many tissues dependent on presenc eof these hromones

A

Thyroid hormones

111
Q

Effect of t3 and t4

A

Maintain metabolism
Increase rate at which glucose fat protein are metbaolized
Increase the activity of Na K pump
Alter the number and activity of mitochondria resulting in greater atp synthesis
Normal growth and maturation of bone
Plays a permissive role for GH

112
Q

Increases metbaolic rate essential for normal process of growth and maturation

A

Thyroid hormones

113
Q

Decreased rate of breakdown of bone by osteoclast prevention of large increase in blood calcium levels

A

Calcitonin

114
Q

Increase rate of breakdown of bone by osteoclast increased reabsorption of calcium kidneys

A

Parathyroid hormone

115
Q

Produced by parafollicular cells

A

Calcitonin

116
Q

Decreases osteoclast activity lengthens life span of osteoblast

A

Calcitonin

117
Q

Secretes PTH and target tissues are bone kidneys and intestines

A

Parathyroid glands

118
Q

Fucntions of Parahtyroid gland

A

Increases blood calcium and phosphate levels
Stimulates osteoclasts
Promotes calcium reabsorption by kidneys
Increases synthesis of vitamin d

119
Q

Near superior poles of kidneys

A

Adrenal gland

120
Q

Secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine

A

Medulla

121
Q

Three zones of cortex

A

Glomerulosa
Fasciculata
Reticularis

122
Q

Hormones ins zona glomerulosa

A

Mineralocorticoids

123
Q

Controls the rate of sodium reabsorption by kidneys

A

Aldosterone

124
Q

Hormones in zona fasciculata

A

Glucocorticoids

125
Q

Controls fat and protein breakdown

A

Cortisol

126
Q

Hormones in zona reticularis

A

Androgens

127
Q

This produces epinephrine and norepinephrine

A

Adrenal medulla

128
Q

Adrenal medulla combines with what?

A

Adrenergic membrane bound receptors

129
Q

Adrenal medulla all functions through

A

G protein mechanism

130
Q

Increases blood levels of glucose
Increases fat breakdwon in adipose tissue
Causes dilation of blood vessels

A

Epinephrine

131
Q

Retroperitoneal and has exocrine and endocrine funcitons

A

Pancreas

132
Q

Why does pancreas classified as exocrine gland

A

Produces pancreatic juices

133
Q

Endocrine gland of pancreas consists of

A

Pancreatic islets

134
Q

Pancreatic islets composed of

A

Alpha beta and delta cells

135
Q

Secretes glucagon

A

Alpha cells

136
Q

Secretes insulin

A

Beta cells

137
Q

Secretes somatostatin

A

Delta cells

138
Q

This targets liver and promotes glycogenolysis gluconeogenesis

A

Glucagon

139
Q

Breakdown of glycogen to glucose

A

Glycogenolysis

140
Q

Synthesis of glucose from lactic acid and noncarbohydrates

A

Gluconeogenesis

141
Q

This lowers blood glucose levels and counters metabolic activity that would enhance blood glucose levels

A

Insulin

142
Q

Increases uptake and use of glucose and amino acids

A

Alpha cells

143
Q

Increased breakdown of glycogen

A

Glucagon

144
Q

Inhibitin of insulin ang lgucagon secretion

A

Delta cells

145
Q

Response of skeletal muscle to insulin

A

Increased glucose uptake

146
Q

Response of liver to insulin

A

Increased glycogen synthesis

147
Q

Response of adipose cells to insulin

A

Increased glucose uptake glhcogen synthesis and fatty acid uptake

148
Q

Response of nervous sytem to insulin

A

Little effect except increase glucose uptake in the satiety center

149
Q

Response of skeletal to glucagon

A

Little effect

150
Q

Response of liver to glucagon

A

Rapid increase in breakdwon of goycogen to glucose
Increased formation of glucose
Increased metbaolism of fatty acids

151
Q

Response of adipose cells to glucagon

A

Causes breakdowns of fats

152
Q

Results from hyposecretion or hypoactivity of insulin

A

Diabetes mellitus

153
Q

3 cardinal signs of DM

A

Polyuria
Polydipsia
Polyphagia

154
Q

Huge urine output

A

Polyuria

155
Q

Excessive thirst

A

Polydipsia

156
Q

Excessive hunger and food consumption

A

Polyphagia

157
Q

Excessive insulin secretion resultilng in hypoglycemia

A

Hyperinsulinism

158
Q

Regualtes production of sperm cells and development and maintenance of male reproductive organs

A

Testosterone

159
Q

Inhibits FSH secretion

A

Inhibin

160
Q

Uterine and mammary gland development and function external genitalia structure secondary sec characteristics

A

Estrogen and progesterone

161
Q

Inhibits FSH secretion

A

Inhibin

162
Q

Increase flexibility of symphysis pubis

A

Rekaxin

163
Q

In epithalamus produces melatonin

A

Pineal body

164
Q

Inhibits GnRH secretion from hypothalamus may help regulate sleep cycles

A

Melatonin

165
Q

Thymosin development of the immune

A

Thymus gland, gi tract, kidneys

166
Q

Several hromones regulate digestion and enzyme secretion

A

GI tract

167
Q

Secretes erthropoietin which signals the production of red blood cells

A

Kidneys

168
Q

Releases leptin which is involved in the sensation of satiety and stimulates increased energy expenditure

A

Adipose tissue

169
Q

Chemical mediators of inflammation

A

Modified fatty acids
Eicosanoids
Prostagalndins
Thromboxanes
Prostacyclins
Leukotrienes

170
Q

Refers to enlargemnt of the thyroid gland which is often visible on the anterior neck

A

Goiter

171
Q

Hypothyroid condition that occurs in regions where low iodine levels in the soil and food
Iodine is trapped by the thyroid glanda nd used to synthesize t3 and thyroxine t4

A

Endemic goiter

172
Q

Foods that contain elements that block synthesis of t3 and t4

A

Goitrogens

173
Q

Tsh causes blank which promotes goiter formation

A

Hyperplasia

174
Q

Goitrogenic minerals

A

Lithium and lfuoride

175
Q

Hyperthyroid condition resulting from hyperactivity of thyroid gland perhaps due to excessive stimulation by tsh

A

Toxic goiter

176
Q

Increase t3 and t4 secretions symptoms are hypermetbaolism toxic goiter and exophthalmos

A

Hyperthyroidism

177
Q

Evident by the presence of protruding staring eyes

A

Exophthalmos

178
Q

Acute situation in a patient with uncontrolled hyperthyroidism

A

Thyrotoxic cris or thyroid storm

179
Q

Treatments for graves disease

A

Radioactive iodine surgical removal or antithyroid glands

180
Q

Destructive autoimmune disorder

A

Hashimotos thyroiditis

181
Q

Severe hypothyroidism manifested as facila puffiness and thick tongue

A

Myxedema

182
Q

Untreated congenital hypothyroidism may be related to iodine deficiency during pregnancy or may be a develomental defect

A

Cretinism

183
Q

Primordial

A

Iodine nutrition
Eliminate thyroid distruptors

184
Q

Primary prevention

A

Nonsmoking

185
Q

Secondary preventions

A

Newborn screening
Thyroid disorder medical/surgical management

anaphy (8 decks)

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