Renal System 1

Question 1

What are all of the kidney functions? (7)

Answer 1

(1) Excretion of metabolic waste products, (2) excretion of foreign chemicals, (3) secretion/metabolism/excretion of hormones, (4) regulation of acid/base balance, (5) gluconeogenesis, (6) control of arterial pressure, (7) regulation of water & electrolyte secretion

Question 2

Excretion of metabolic waste products form these compounds? (4)

Answer 2

Urea, uric acid, creatinine, bilirubin

Question 3

Metabolism of proteins forms this?

Answer 3

Urea

Question 4

Metabolism of nucleic acids forms this?

Answer 4

Uric acid

Question 5

Metabolism of muscle forms this?

Answer 5

Creatinine

Question 6

Metabolism of hemoglobin forms this?

Answer 6

Bilirubin

Question 7

What are the types of foreign chemicals that are excreted?

Answer 7

Pesticides, food additives, toxins & drugs

Question 8

What hormones are produced in the kidney?

Answer 8

Erythropoeitin, Calcitrol, & Renin

Question 9

What is easier to be excreted? Water soluble or lipid soluble molecules?

Answer 9

Water soluble molecules (Lipid mol’s are broken down by the liver first)

Question 10

How are most peptide hormones (renin, angiotension) removed?

Answer 10

Metabolized and excreted by the kidney

Question 11

What happens when there is low oxygen delivery to the kidney?

Answer 11

Erythropoeitin secretion by kidney -> more erythrocyte production in bone marrow

Question 12

T/F: Kidneys are the only means of excreting non-volatile acids

Answer 12

True

Question 13

Kidneys can make glucose from precursors like _______ during _______?

Answer 13

amino acids, prolonged fasting

Question 14

What is a cortical nephron vs. a juxtamedullary nephron?

Answer 14

Cortical = mostly in the cortex, Juxtamedullary = mostly in the medulla but Bowman’s capsule is on the junction of the cortex & medulla

Question 15

Which arteriole takes blood into the glomerulus?

Answer 15

Afferent arteriole

Question 16

Which arteriole takes blood out of the glomerulus?

Answer 16

Efferent arteriole

Question 17

What are the steps of urine formation?

Answer 17

1. Filtration
2. Reabsorption
3. Secretion
4. Excretion

Question 18

What is the only sphincter that has voluntary control?

Answer 18

External sphinctor

Question 19

______ nerves from the L2/L3 region innervate the ____& ____ of the bladder

Answer 19

Sympathetic, body & bottom

Question 20

______ nerves from the S2/S4 region innervate the ____ & _____ of the bladder

Answer 20

Parasympathetic, body & neck

Question 21

______ nerves from the S2/S4 region innervate the _______ of the bladder; has motor nerves & sensory neurons

Answer 21

Pudendal nerves, external sphinctor

Question 22

T/F: Damage to the pelvic area can cause loss of control of bladder

Answer 22

True

Question 23

T/F: Bladder can increase volume without increase in pressure (why?)

Answer 23

True, due to stretch receptors

Question 24

Steps of a UTI?

Answer 24

Colonization, Uroepithelium Penetration, Ascension, Pyelonephritis, Acute Kidney Injury

Question 25

What occurs during Colonization?

Answer 25

Pathogen colonizes the urethra and ascends towards the bladder

Question 26

What occurs during Uroepithelium Penetration?

Answer 26

Pathogen penetrates bladder & bacteria replicates, potentially forming biofilms

Question 27

What occurs during Ascension?

Answer 27

Bacteria ascends towards the kidneys via the ureters

Question 28

What occurs during Pyelonephritis?

Answer 28

Infection of the renal parenchyma causes this inflammatory response

Question 29

What occurs during Acute Kidney Injury?

Answer 29

Bacteria continues to cascade up the kidneys, leading to this injury